The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States. One artist who received the fellowship is Navajo (Diné) basket weaver Mary Holiday Black. Black was chosen for her lifetime ______ the arts.

The following text is from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows. The Mole is returning home after a visit to Mr. Badger's house.
As he hurried along, eagerly anticipating the moment when he would be at home again among the things he knew and liked, the Mole saw clearly that he was an animal of tilled field and hedge-row, linked to the ploughed furrow, the frequented pasture, the lane of evening lingerings, the cultivated garden-plot.

Text corpora such as the Bank of English are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding how ______ a word is in spoken and written English. For instance, one might have a guess about the incidence of the word "get," but only an analysis of a corpus can prove that "get" is the fifth most commonly used verb.

The Fly River delta is a remarkably ______ landscape: it is a constantly evolving network of channels and strips of land that change in size and shape as the river deposits new sedimentary particles where the river meets the waters of the Gulf of Papua.

A microgenre is a specialized genre consisting of a comparatively small number of stylistically similar artists. The microgenre of electronic music known as hyperpop emerged in the 2010s, with American singer Dorian Electra as an early exponent. Their combination of lush synthesizer arrangements and propulsive beats with vocals electronically shifted in pitch below their natural range exemplifies the hyperpop sound. More recently, Japanese-British recording artist Rina Sawayama has contributed to the microgenre by incorporating pop melodies into hyperpop songs.

Cuttlefish and toads see in three dimensions (3D) by combining two images in their brains, one from each eye. This produces a sense of depth, helping the animals judge how close or far away an object is. Researchers have investigated 3D vision in praying mantises as well. In one study, Vivek Nityananda and his team fitted mantises' faces with two different color filters, one covering each eye, much like the filters in 3D glasses once worn at movies. By observing the mantises’ reaction to projected images, the team confirmed that mantises do indeed have 3D vision, but it's unlike that of other animals.

Text 1
The island of Grande Terre split from the former supercontinent Gondwana around 80 million years ago, carrying Gondwanan species from a variety of clades with it. The island was periodically submerged until 37 million years ago, but some researchers suggest that its current biota includes species from clades predating the split that took refuge on islands near Grande Terre during submergence events and then returned.
Text 2
Thomas R. Buckley et al. found that the crown age—the age of the most recent common ancestor of all species in the clade (i.e., the clade's founder)—of Grande Terre's clade of stick insects is 41.1 million years, which is among the oldest clade crown ages of species inhabiting the island today. Nearly all of Grande Terre's living species belong to clades that originated much more recently: for example, the crown age of the island's clade of Goodeniaceae plants is 2.0 million years.

Text 1
According to a study by a conservation group representing 11 tribal nations in the Great Lakes region, the northern wild rice (manoomin in the Ojibive language) will have significantly worse outcomes over the next 50 years if temperatures increase as much as some models suggest. By contrast, the white-tailed deer (waawaashkeshi in Ojibwve) should be able to withstand the highest predicted warming without much harm and so likely won't require the conservation efforts that the northern wild rice will.
Text 2
US government agencies involved in conservation are unfortunately not able to address every possible threat to natural resources. They must use the best information available to decide which species are most threatened and therefore most in need of conservation efforts.

The following text is from Julia Alvarez's 2000 novel In the Name of Salomé. Salomé, a poet, is hosting guests in the front parlor of her family home, and Ramona is her sister. A salon is a social gathering for the exploration of intellectual ideas.
It was evening when the two men got up to leave. Tia Ana had already come into the room several times to see if these guests had departed yet. The front parlor had always been her special province, as she used it for her little school. Now, every evening, it turned into Salomé's salon, as Ramona called it, and it was never in order for its transformation back to a classroom the following morning.
©2000 by Julia Alvarez

The following text is from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M. C. McMaster et al, in 1903). The narrator is on a walk in the countryside outside of Paris, France.
I walked slowly beneath the young leaves, drinking in the air, fragrant with the odor of young buds and sap. I sauntered along, forgetful of musty papers, of the offices, of my chief, my colleagues, my documents, and thinking of the good things that were sure to come to me, of all the veiled unknown contained in the future. A thousand recollections of childhood came over me, awakened by these country odors, and I walked along permeated with the fragrant, living enchantment, the emotional enchantment of the woods warmed by the sun of June.

Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified one plant as a “target species” and a nearby plant as a “neighboring species.” The researchers then calculated a value to show how the neighboring species affected pollinator visits to the target species. A negative effect value indicates that the neighboring species had a harmful effect on the target species. Based on the table, two neighboring species that had a harmful effect on target species are the ______

“A Pair of Silk Stockings” is an 1897 short story written by Kate Chopin. In the story, Mrs. Sommers attends a play, which she experiences as a temporary escape from the circumstances of her daily life: ______

Hypothesizing that lullabies, characterized by their slow tempos, are universally calming to infants, Constance M. Bainbridge and colleagues played a lullaby sung in the Western Nahuatl language and a non-lullaby sung in the Serbian language to a group of infants. The team found that the infants’ heart rates and pupil size both decreased more during the lullaby than during the non-lullaby. Since a decrease in heart rate is associated with relaxation, the team concluded that the lullaby relaxed the infants. However, noting that reduced heart rate can also be associated with increased attention, one critic argues that instead, the lullaby simply attracted the infants' attention.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been observed to have greater fracture toughness—greater resistance to crack propagation—than conventional alloys. It has been proposed that fracture toughness increases with the proportion of an HEA consisting of cobalt, but data on HEAs compiled by engineer Xuesong Fan show that this is not the case; for example, ______

The olona shrub is one of many forest plant species native to Oahu (a Hawaiian island) that are at risk of extinction. The survival of most of these species in the wild largely depends on birds eating their fruits and then dropping the seeds in different locations. Although Oahu's native fruit-eating birds have all gone extinct, the common waxbill and other fruit-eating bird species have been brought to the island and are now common there. Studies confirm that these non-native birds are spreading plant seeds on Oahu, suggesting that the birds ______

The human body has three types of muscle ______ cardiac, and skeletal. The levator anguli oris is a skeletal muscle—of which the body contains more than six hundred—and it helps with raising the corners of the mouth.

Alabama resident Benjamin S. Turner, sworn in as a member of the US House of Representatives in 1871, was one of the nearly two thousand African ______ during the decade following the Civil War.

While other even-toed ungulate species, such as the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), are among the most populous animal species on earth, the Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) has a total population between 700 and 800 ______ one of the criteria required for a species to be considered endangered.

The programming languages COBOL, developed by Grace Hopper in ______ developed by Rich Hickey in 2007, are all routinely translated into executable code by tools known as compilers.

Proto-Kru is a protolanguage, or a hypothesized ancestral language, of all the Kru languages (thirty-eight languages that, because ______ descendants of Proto-Kru, can provide information about the protolanguage's structure).

Though Middle English was widely spoken in fourteenth-century England, the English language was rarely employed in literature until poet Geoffrey Chaucer pioneered its literary use. ______ his manuscripts contain the first documented uses of over 2,000 English words—like the word “digestion” in his 1395 poem “The Squire's Tale”—which led a contemporary to dub him “the first finder of our fair language.”

In skateboarding, the 900—a trick in which the skateboarder spins two and a half times in midair—is so rare that every successful execution of it is a historic occasion. ______ ever since Mitchie Brusco and Tas Pappas performed their 900s (in 2011 and 2014, respectively), fans have revered them as titans of the sport.

Visually distinguishing the common raven (Corvus corax) from the Chihuahuan raven (Corvus cryptoleucus) can confound even seasoned bird watchers. ______ the two species share similarities that—at times—make the birds appear virtually identical. Size, though, remains a differentiating feature: the common raven tends to be larger.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Elizabeth Catlett (1915-2012) was a celebrated African American artist.
• She is best known for creating sculptures and prints that explore the Black experience.
• Mahalia is a 2002 sculpture by Catlett.
• Paulina is a 2009 print by Catlett.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
• Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
• Kate Walker was the lighthouse keeper at Robbins Reef Light in New York.
• She held this position from 1894 to 1919.
• Georgiana C. Brumfield was the lighthouse keeper at Turkey Point Light in Maryland.
• She held this position from 1895 to 1919.

• The University of Oslo in Oslo, Norway, is home to a Foucault pendulum.
• The pendulum consists of a weighted ball that swings at the end of a roughly 14-meter-long cable.
• Like all Foucault pendulums, it dangles from a fixed point that ensures the swing path of the pendulum doesn't change.
• To an observer, the swing path of a Foucault pendulum appears to change over time because Earth rotates beneath it.
• Foucault pendulums are used as a simple way to provide evidence of Earth's rotation.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Mauritania is a country in North Africa.
• A high percentage of Mauritania's population (39.9 percent) is under fifteen years old.
• It has the thirty-fourth-largest under-fifteen population in the world.
• Roughly 40 percent of Africa's population is under fifteen years old—the highest of any continent.
• According to the United Nations (UN), Africa's “high number of young people is an opportunity for the continent's growth—but only if these new generations are fully empowered to realise their best potential.”

Jessica Watson, who was the youngest person to sail nonstop and unassisted around the world, undoubtedly accomplished much, but to gain a lasting place in our historical memory, there is little that can ______ being the first to do something. For example, people will always remember that Jeanne Baré was the first woman to circumnavigate the world.

Despite stated claims of global relevance, much major research on income inequality performed in the 2010s suffered from a myopic focus on a few countries in North America and Western Europe, partly due to limited data availability. Researchers would later ______ this shortcoming after gaining new access to administrative records located in nations in Africa, such as Ivory Coast, and Eastern Europe, such as Poland.

In the mid-1980s, the price of vintage and even new baseball cards rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive effect of ______ demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase baseball cards thronged the market, believing prices would continue to rise and the cards could be resold later at a profit.

The fact that publications by University of California-Berkeley economist Bronwyn Hughes Hall, who studies innovation and economics, are so frequently cited in other scholars' work ______ the usefulness of her research for her peers—other economists clearly find her studies valuable for their own scholarship.

Shedding light on the thermal biology of fungi, research by Radamés Cordero et al. indicates that certain mushrooms (including Boletus separans and species from the genus Thelephora) can achieve a hypothermic state through evaporative cooling. Effects of this thermoregulation were not limited to the fungi's fruiting bodies and root-like hyphae: temperature reductions were observed in the air immediately surrounding the mushrooms. Though slight, the reductions inspired an air-cooling device; using approximately 400 grams of mushrooms, the team's prototype lowered the air temperature in a controlled environment by 10°C in forty minutes.

In Grenada, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by more than a third between 2000 and 2019; such shifts are often explained by appeal to the energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income (specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise). Moses Pundo and Gavin Fraser's study of fuel use in Kenya shows this model to be reductive, however: household fuel use was heterogeneous, flexible, and influenced by several factors, including the age of the household head.

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Quito, Ecuador, and Lima, Peru, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 618 respondents from Quito, 82.9% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 663 respondents from Lima, 72.7% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Quito respondents who reported living within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that reported by Lima respondents, greater proximity alone can't explain the difference in park use.

The bird species Schistocichla leucostigma (the spot-winged antbird) shares some territory in French Guiana with Thamnomanes caesius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits a loud alarm call when it detects predators. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues recorded T. caesius alarm calls and played them in the vicinity of wild S. leucostigma. Finding that the birds often froze in place or scattered into vegetation upon hearing the calls, they concluded that S. leucostigma associates T. caesius alarm calls with danger.

The Lego Group's introduction of the Legoland theme park in 1968 is a quintessential instance of brand extension—the company leveraged its brand recognition as a toy manufacturer to enter a product category where it had not previously competed. An outstanding question is whether perceived category similarity predicts consumers' likelihood of purchasing brand extensions. To answer this question, Alicia Grasby et al. identified 30 extended-brand pairs (e.g., the same brand of wristwatch and necktie) in 52 weeks of purchases by approximately 60,000 households and, for each pair, calculated the change in probability of a brand in one category being purchased if the same brand was purchased in the other category.

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P4 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings, the data in the graph indicate the model predicted that ______

Many studies have found a positive association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water in North America. But Petri Porvari and Matti Verta did not find this correlation in a study conducted in Finland, leading some scientists to hypothesize that the association is particular to North America. However, several other studies conducted outside North America, such as one by Sara M. Ekström and colleagues in Sweden, showed similar results to the North American studies, while few have produced results similar to those of Porvari and Verta's study, suggesting that ______

Chelsea Wood et al. tracked temperature-driven changes in the abundance of Anisakis sp. (a complex life cycle parasite, or CLP, that requires three host species throughout its life cycle), Gyrodactylus sp. (a directly transmitted parasite, which requires only one host species), and 83 other parasite taxa found on eight fish species. CLPs are transmitted when an infected host is ingested by an individual of another species, typically shielding CLPs from the external environment, whereas directly transmitted parasites are exposed to external conditions during transmission. However, Wood et al. found that three-host CLP abundance decreased as sea temperatures rose, whereas directly transmitted parasite abundance was largely stable, suggesting that ______

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise (sounds from human sources like traffic or mining) can affect animals, as Amy Morris-Drake and colleagues found in a 2017 study of dwarf mongooses. Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of studies of how such noise affects animals and found that, for every study, relevant traits or behaviors of the animals were observably different between the exposed group and the otherwise similar but unexposed group. Although, on average, studies of mammals showed larger differences than studies of birds did, for every class of animals examined, there were individual studies showing differences well above the average for mammals. Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis suggest that ______

Although the epic poem The Aeneid dates back to the 1st century BCE, ______ compelling narrative still captivates readers today.

Most sand is beige because of deposits of gray- and tan-hued minerals, such as quartz and feldspar. The sand at Les Sables Roses Beach in French Polyesia is a more unusual ______ deposits of crushed coral and other organic matter lend the sand a unique pink hue.

The poem “The Ballad of Rudolph Reed,” which was published in 1960, contains three signature elements of Gwendolyn Brooks's poetic ______ compressed lines infused with bursts of vivid imagery; syncopated rhythms, largely inspired by the blues tradition; and a keen attention to everyday life in Brooks's South Side Chicago neighborhood.

Neoclassical economic models assume that people consistently make rational economic decisions, but Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School makes no such assumption; behavioral economists such as Gino, whose research focuses on worker productivity, ______ that economic decision-making can in fact be highly irrational.

While the greater adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius) can be found in places like Dong Khanthung in Laos and Chitwan National Park in Nepal, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife ______ is on the front lines of conservation efforts to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

The story of Chile's electrification is perhaps most readily understood by studying developments in several key years: 1916, when engineer Arturo Salazar attended the Pan-American Scientific Conference; 1936, when the study entitled “Politica eléctrica chilena” was ______ 1943, when the national electrical plan was finalized.

The Greek dramatist Euripides's Cyclops, a satyr play, is an extant work: it can still be read. By contrast, lost works like Euripides's play about the hero Alcmaeon, Alcmaeon in Psophis—no copy of which exists—______ known to antiquarians only through references in extant works.

Long thought to be sessile (immobile), adult Chelonibia testudinaria, barnacles that adhere to sea turtle shells, have been observed to shift slightly in position over time—a phenomenon that has been attributed to the barnacles' passive displacement by water currents. ______ a research team found that adult C. testudinaria moved toward the heads of their sea turtle hosts and thus against the prevailing water flow, behavior consistent with self-initiated locomotion.

Marcia Rieke is a space scientist who works on the James Webb Space Telescope, or JWST. Thanks in part to Rieke's contributions, the telescope is now positioned near the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point, almost one million miles beyond Earth's orbit. ______ the JWST's predecessor, the Hubble Telescope, is only about 340 miles above Earth's surface.

Photogrammetry and polygonal modeling, methods used by digital artists to create three-dimensional elements for video games, typically require software to process geometric shapes numbering in the thousands. ______ these approaches are more economical than surface model methods, which require more powerful and expensive processors to manage polygons numbering in the millions.

The total solar eclipse of June 5, 762 BCE, was the second-longest total eclipse before the Dark Ages—7 minutes, 25 seconds long. Another memorable solar eclipse occurred on March 21, 424 BCE, but unlike the 762 BCE eclipse, the 424 BCE eclipse was annular. ______ the Moon didn't cover the Sun completely, instead creating an annulus, or “ring of fire.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a protected natural area in California.
• It encompasses 3,592 acres.
• It was established to safeguard the habitat of the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard, an endangered species.
• The Coachella Valley NWR is managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.
• The US Fish & wildlife Service limits human activities in the area.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Antelope House is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site located in northeastern Arizona.
• It was built under a rock overhang and inhabited from approximately 1050-1270 CE.
• The overhanging rock ledges offered protection from heavy rain and snow.
• Mud Springs Pueblo is an Ancestral Puebloan dwelling site located in southwestern Colorado.
• It was built on relatively flat terrain and inhabited from approximately 1200-1250 CE.
• This level surface allowed for the construction of large terraced buildings.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Kepler's first law of planetary motion states that the orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse.
• The law also states that, in an elliptical orbit, the object being orbited is one of the ellipse's foci.
• Kepler's laws of planetary motion also apply to natural satellites (e.g., moons).
• Europa is a moon of Jupiter that orbits the planet in 3.55 Earth days on average.
• Europa's orbit is elliptical.