The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States. One artist who received the fellowship is taiko drummer Seiichi Tanaka. Tanaka was chosen for his lifetime ______ the arts.

In a 2018 article celebrating films depicting the Black experience, critics for the New York Times ______ William Greaves's 1968 film Symbiopsychotaxiplasm, Take One and Spike Lee's 1992 film Malcolm X, praising the former as “a vital artifact of its time” and the latter as “electrifying.”

Louise Arner Boyd, who led several scientific expeditions off the coast of Greenland in the 1930s, undoubtedly accomplished much, but to gain a lasting place in our historical memory, there is little that can ______ being the first to do something. For example, people will always remember that Enid Gordon-Gallien led the expedition that first mapped the area around Kalambo Falls between Zambia and Tanzania.

The Last of England, painted in the realist style by Ford Madox Brown, depicts a working-class family immigrating to Australia to start a new life. The realists' emphasis on accurately portraying the experiences of average working people was largely a rejection of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Léon Belly, which instead ______ their subjects' beauty or heroism while hiding all imperfection.

When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi qi. However, many dinosaurs that didn't have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless, predatory Juravenator likely had feathers.

Can field mustard plants grow on Mars? Can pea plants? You might think the answer to these questions is obviously no, but researchers in the Netherlands recently showed that the seeds of many common plant species can germinate in soil designed to simulate Martian conditions, as long as water is supplied. In fact, some species actually did better in Martian soil than in Earth soil: 30 percent of field mustard seeds sprouted when planted in simulated Martian soil, compared with 4 percent that did when planted in soil from their home planet.

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of gyms, beauty salons, and other businesses found in a given neighborhood. How we define a neighborhood and its boundaries is subjective, so the team used a clustering algorithm to locate dense groupings of amenities that represent human-identified neighborhoods like Boston's Central Square. The predictive model, which incorporates this algorithm, is sure to be invaluable in determining the optimal mix of a city's amenities.

The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. The narrator, Darius, is a teenager visiting family in Iran. He and his friend Sohrab are at the entrance of the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis.
“The Gate of All Nations,” Sohrab said. He gestured to the lamassus [sculptures] and pillars surrounding us. “That's the name in English.”
It wasn't much of a gate anymore, since anyone of any nation could have easily stepped around it instead of walking through. But it was still amazing.
Behind the lamassu, more columns sprouted from the ground like ancient trees in a petrified forest, forty feet tall, spindly but still miraculously upright. Giant stone slabs formed the remains of what must once have been a breathtaking structure.
©2018 by Adib khorram

Michelle Pereira et al. hypothesized that introducing health improvements into workplaces would increase productivity by reducing absenteeism (sick employees not working) and presenteeism (sick workers working less productively due to illness). Pereira's team enrolled groups of Australian workers in two programs: one that gave employees exercise training (EET) and one that enrolled employees in health promotion seminars (EHP). They then calculated the productivity loss of those groups at 12 weeks and 12 months after the programs began (based on the 28 days preceding each point). They concluded that exercise training was more effective at restraining productivity loss than health promotion seminars were, though this result took time to become apparent.

Many believe that lullabies, characterized by their slow tempos, contain some acoustic features that are universally calming to infants. In a study, Constance M. Bainbridge and colleagues played both a lullaby sung in the Luk Saami language and a non-lullaby sung in the Tundra Nenets language to a group of infants. The researchers also measured the infants' heart rates, as a reduced heart rate is considered a measure of relaxation. They claim that the lullaby did indeed relax the infants.

Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Frances Harriet Whipple Green. In the book, the authors assert that people don't need to be famous to be worthy of memoirs, writing, ______

To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used historical aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the forest cover area across different land use capability classes (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land). Due to the Chorotega region's accessibility, various types of forested areas were converted to cattle pasture as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. By the mid-1980s, however, increased public awareness and environmental reforms, along with a decline in meat prices, triggered a natural regrowth process, as evident by the ______

One way that young orangutans acquire foraging skills is through a behavior scientists call peering—closely watching older orangutans as they engage in an activity that the young have not yet mastered. Since male orangutans typically leave the area of their birth upon maturity and females do not, Beatrice Ehmann and her colleagues hypothesized that it is more advantageous for immature males than females to devote attention to orangutans who are immigrants to the home region of the immature individual, and this should be reflected in sex-specific differences in peering behavior.

British professional soccer team Arsenal Football Club, whose home uniform color is mainly red, won more than half its home matches between 1947 and 2003. This is a higher proportion than the proportion of home matches won by Watford Football Club, whose home uniform color is not red, during the same period. According to a study by Martin J. Attrill and colleagues, the color red can cause people to respond with fear and hesitation, which the researchers think helps explain Arsenal's success. Nadav Goldschmied and colleagues reanalyzed the published data from this study, however, and found no evidence that red-uniformed teams are more likely than other teams to win, suggesting that Watford's home-match win percentage ______

Studies have shown that when we listen to high-tempo music (songs with a high number of beats per minute, or bpm) during endurance exercise, we perceive our effort as lower than it actually is, which leads to an increased pace and a higher heart rate. Researchers recently designed a follow-up study in which participants jogged outdoors for 30 minutes while listening to Aerosmith's “Livin' on the Edge” (169 bpm) continuously. The next day, participants performed the same activity while listening to Beyoncé's “Irreplaceable” (88 bpm). As expected, listening to that song resulted in participants ______

In the 1960s and the 1970s, a loose-knit group of writers including Sonia Sanchez, Gwendolyn Brooks, and James Baldwin ______ monumental works of poetry and fiction exploring the Black American experience and together came to be known as the Black Arts movement.

An upcoming exhibition will showcase Vincent van Gogh's drawing Building in Eindhoven, which Van Gogh ______ in the city of Nuenen nearly 150 years ago.

At 1,666 years old, RCR 1, a foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) located in the United States, is one of the oldest known trees in the world. With almost two millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single tree like ______ claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

In the Silurian hypothesis, astrophysicist Adam Frank and climatologist Gavin Schmidt suggest the geological record may contain evidence of prehuman advanced civilizations. This sensational hypothesis obscures the scientists' practical ______ Frank and Schmidt don't believe such a civilization existed, and their “hypothesis” is a thought experiment exploring the traces our own civilization will leave on the geological record.

A 2012 study led by ______ studied the impact of fertilizers containing nitrogen on grassland arthropod populations. Another study, led by Kimberly J. La Pierre in 2015, looked at fertilizers containing nitrogen and two other macronutrients: phosphorus and potassium.

Included among a particular group of mid-twentieth-century artists known as the New York School, French abstract ______ was known for using energetic brushstrokes and for capturing the energy and chaos of modern life.

Scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of cadmium in 1817, the same year they first discovered the element's existence. ______ the isolation process took longer for niobium, which was isolated in its pure form 63 years after scientists first discovered it.

When ordering the branches of the Colville River system by Hack's method, one begins with the riverway's lowest point, the Colville River. ______ when using Strahler's method, one begins at the top of the river system, with the Okokmilaga River and other tributaries fed by the riverway's source, Alaska's De Long Mountains.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Buland Darwaza is a historic gateway.
• It is located in the city of Agra, India.
• It is one of the many remaining structures built by the Mughal Empire.
• The Mughal Empire was a South Asian empire.
• It lasted from the early sixteenth century to the mid-nineteenth century.

• Antonio Stradivari (1644—1737) made about 1,000 violins in his lifetime.
• Musicians prize his Stradivarius violins for their famed sound quality.
• Many of the 500 or so that exist today are named for a previous owner.
• The ex-Berglund Stradivarius is named for Paavo Berglund, a Finnish violinist.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• For centuries in Japan, it was common practice for farmers to cultivate terraced rice fields (tanada in Japanese).
• Tanada were built by carving the steep hillsides into a series of large, flat steps.
• This agricultural method allowed farmers to increase arable land and prevent landslides.
• The Sawajiri tanada in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, was developed during the Sengoku period.
• The Sengoku period (1467 CE-1615 CE) was characterized by social upheaval and civil war.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Elizabeth Catlett (1915-2012) was a celebrated African American artist.
• She is best known for creating sculptures and prints that explore the Black experience.
• Face is a 1973 sculpture by Catlett.
• It is made of marble.

Writer Lydia Davis observed that while traditional literary forms, such as the novel, are recognizable as such even as they evolve, there are more ______ forms that might, for example, borrow elements from both fables and realist narratives to make something unconventional. The late-period pieces of James Tate arguably fit in this category, since they straddle the line between prose and poetry.

A speaker at a recent children's book publishing conference noted that, while many illustrators do excellent work, in her mind, no one has ever ______ Amos Ferguson's work as the illustrator of Under the Sunday Tree: there is no better example of the form, according to the speaker.

Some robots such as Justin (developed in 2008) and TALOS (developed in 2017) feature humanoid characteristics like the ability to respond to voice commands so that people will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to ______ feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the “uncanny valley,” meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.

Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed, a few entries that knowledgeable readers should have realized were ______ , such as those for the country singer-songwriter Joseph G. Williams and the television miniseries Sheer Perfection, persisted on the site for many years before they were finally recognized as falsehoods and deleted.

In 2015 Filipa Faleiro and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Hippocampus guttulatus, a species of fish. However, Faleiro and colleagues' study relied on a mean sample size of only 6 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Text 1
According to a study by a conservation group representing 11 tribal nations in the Great Lakes region, the firefly (waawaatesi in the Ojibwe language) will have significantly worse outcomes over the next 50 years if temperatures increase as much as some models suggest. By contrast, the white-tailed deer (waawaashkeshi in Ojibwe) should be able to withstand the highest predicted warming without much harm and so likely won't require the conservation efforts that the firefly will.
Text 2
US government agencies involved in conservation are unfortunately not able to address every possible threat to natural resources. They must use the best information available to decide which species are most threatened and therefore most in need of conservation efforts.

According to historical documents, Marietta Strozzi—a young woman who was prominent in fifteenth-century Florentine culture—inspired several artworks, including a portrait bust sculpted by Desiderio da Settignano. Multiple sculptures dating to the period have been alleged to be the reported bust, but none have been authenticated as Desiderio's depiction of Strozzi. Given the historical importance of both Strozzi and Desiderio's sculpture of her, positively identifying the bust would be a notable accomplishment for art historians.

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Alexander Lang and colleagues found to be negatively associated with foraging by white-throated round-eared bats but Patricia C. Wright found to be positively associated with foraging by three-striped night monkeys. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the monkeys' greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the bats.

The following text is adapted from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M.C. McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator is taking a boat down the Seine river from Paris, France, to the surrounding countryside.
I took up a position in the bows [front of the boat], standing up and looking at the quays, the trees, the houses and the bridges disappearing behind us. And suddenly I perceived the great viaduct of Point du Jour which blocked the river. It was the end of Paris, the beginning of the country, and behind the double row of arches the Seine, suddenly spreading out as though it had regained space and liberty, became all at once the peaceful river which flows through the plains, alongside the wooded hills, amid the meadows, along the edge of the forests.

Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size; by detecting the vortices, fish can determine the size and position of the obstruction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using models of three head shapes—narrow (low ratio of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length)—showed that for large vortices, fish with intermediate heads would be better able than narrow-headed fish to distinguish between vortices and general turbulence in the water. A second research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility conditions, intermediate-headed fish will be more likely than narrow-headed fish to detect obstructions that create large vortices.

A report from an international organization that monitors the numbers of women serving as judges or magistrates on various nations' highest courts, such as the Supreme Court in Sweden and the Supreme Court in Honduras, indicates that among the countries that had a different number of women on these courts in 2013 than they had in 2009, the number increased in some countries but decreased in others. For instance, the number of women judges and magistrates on high courts in ______

Psychologists Gregory Bryant, Dorsa Amir, and colleagues investigated cross-cultural perceptions of spontaneous (real) laughter and volitional (fake or forced) laughter. Study participants from 21 societies, including those in Austria and Turkey, listened to randomized recordings of 18 spontaneous laughs taken from natural conversations between pairs of women and 18 volitional laughs produced separately by 18 different women in response to an experimenter's instruction to laugh. Analysis of the participants' evaluations of the laughs prompted the team to conclude that the ability to distinguish between spontaneous and volitional laughter appears to be universal across cultures.

Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many sources, such as Annales Cambriae, composed around 970, and Perceval, the Story of the Grail from around 1181. One of the most significant sources, Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the kings of Britain, was written in Latin in the 1130s; some material from it was later adapted by the Norman poet Wace into the Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no source before 1155 includes references to the famous Round Table at which Arthur's knights assembled, both the Roman de Brut and Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-century compilation of Arthurian legends, Le Morte d'Arthur, do. It can therefore be inferred that ______

Exclusively inhabiting tropical countries such as Tanzania, wild chimpanzees lack adaptations to seasonal variations in ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiance from sunlight; since UVB exposure enables vertebrates to synthesize vitamin D, this raises questions about how chimpanzees in mid-latitude zoos are affected by the lower and more variable UVB irradiance in those locations. In a study of zoo chimpanzees in France and other mid-latitude countries, Sophie Moittié and colleagues found not only that chimpanzees’ vitamin D levels correlate with UVB irradiance but also that vitamin D levels show no evidence of plateauing as UVB irradiance reaches its highest local levels, suggesting that ______

Writer Silvia Moreno-Garcia's love of short fiction began when she read a collection of Edgar Allan Poe stories as a child, and she would develop into a prolific short story writer herself, publishing pieces like “In the Details” (2015) and “Shade of the Ceiba Tree” (2011). Yet she's best known as a novelist, in part due to her ______ Gothic (2020) earning a spot on the New York Times Best Sellers list.

Within Earth's biomes, there are four main types of desert: arid, semiarid, coastal, and cold. The Australian Desert in Australasia is an arid ______ it is one of the largest such deserts in the world, with a total area of about 2,700.000 km².

The Quadrantid meteor shower has a zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) of 110, meaning that at the shower's peak, 110 meteors per hour could potentially be seen by a hypothetical observer. A calculation that assumes ideal viewing conditions, ______

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including DBⅢ: Live at the Cotton Club Tokyo by Dean Brown, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song “Rapper's Delight,” ______ joined the label after the song's release.

With one in Finland and another in Japan, the observatory sites that form the Super Dual Auroral Radar ______ or SuperDARN, as space physicists like Tadahiko Ogawa call it—number nearly five dozen. Located across the globe, the radars track gravity waves and other geospace phenomena.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight member countries. For instance, in July 2021, a hypothetical basket of goods priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United States would have cost 39 USD and 130 USD in fellow OECD ______ and Iceland, respectively.

With their distinctive cone shapes and steeply sloping sides, the volcanoes Maungarei (New Zealand) and Fisher (Alaska) may look similar from afar. Pranabendu Moitra and other volcanologists, ______ can tell by how each was formed that Maungarei is a cinder cone volcano, while Fisher is a composite volcano.

In a 2022 analysis, researchers investigated how negative adjectives like “unhappy” evolve. ______ the researchers applied a statistical model to a set of words to infer the rate of cognate replacement—the rate at which a word will be replaced over time with a noncognate form—in Indo-European languages.

The title of “Of Moderation,” an essay by French philosopher Michel de Montaigne, suggests a straightforward topic. However, Montaigne's expansive, curious mind meant that he never limited himself to one subject. ______ the essay is not just a discussion of moderation but a broad exploration of Montaigne's entire worldview.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Singuilucan is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
• One service they provide is water treatment.
• Singuilucan covers an area of roughly 420 km².
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Modularity of mind is the notion that the mind is at least partly composed of innate neural structures (modules) that perform fast, necessary tasks.
• 1983: cognitive scientist Jerry A. Fodor hypothesized that low-level cognitive systems (e.g., perception, language) are modular.
• In Fodorian modularity, high-level systems (e.g., reasoning) are not modular.
• 2003: cognitive scientist Peter Carruthers proposed the massive modularity hypothesis (MMH).
• MMH expands modularity to include all cognitive systems.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• There are more than 500 National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) across the United States.
• The Mason Neck NWR is a 2,276-acre area in Virginia, on the Atlantic coast.
• It was established to protect the endangered bald eagle.
• The Coachella Valley NWR is a 3,592-acre area in California, on the Pacific coast.
• It was established to protect the endangered Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard.

• Vexillology is the study of flags.
• The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.
• These symbols often represent an aspect of the region's history, culture, or landscape.
• The flag of Cyprus includes an olive branch.
• The flag of Andorra includes a cow.