Maryam Hosseini and her team used aerial images of well-mapped areas of Boston to train a computer program to identify sidewalks. When it was tested on images of Washington, DC, it ______ identified sidewalks in the vast majority of cases and even whether sidewalks were cobblestone or granite. Hosseini believes the program will improve on this already-strong performance as it gets used more.

The Orinoco River delta is a constantly changing landform made up of a network of distributaries, small channels that branch off from the main river. The delta is shaped and reshaped over time as sediments carried by the river ______ where the river meets the Caribbean Sea, eventually forming new portions of land.

Text corpora such as the Bank of English are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding the frequency of typical word usage. For example, a linguist who assumes that the word “own” appears quite often in written English could ______ that assumption with data from a corpus: “own” is the eighth most commonly used adjective.

The minor planet 713 Luscinia was named after the animal genus that includes nightingales. But most minor planets are given only an identification number, largely due to there being over 500,000 such bodies known at present. So while the task of finding a unique name for each minor planet was ______ when few had been discovered, so many minor planets have since been discovered that the task has become nearly impossible.

The following text is adapted from Pam Munoz Ryan's 2020 novel Mananaland. In the village where Max lives, there is an old fortress called La Reina. Children in the village say that the fortress is haunted.
For as long as he could remember, Max had begged Papa [his father] to take him to see La Reina and the ruins up close. He'd be a hero among his friends if he was the first boy to cross the haunted gates! Just because Papa didn't believe in ghosts didn't mean they weren't there. Maybe this summer Papa would finally take him. He was almost twelve.
©2020 by Pam Munoz Ryan

Driven to sell as many paintings as possible, Alfred Hair, an influential figure among the landscape artists known as the Florida Highwaymen, pioneered “fast painting,” a technique (which in part involved slashing in elements with a palette knife) that many Highwaymen, including James Gibson, adopted. To conclude that this approach accounts for the ethereal qualities now synonymous with the Highwaymen aesthetic is tempting but inaccurate, as Hair's methods weren't universally practiced by his affiliates: Harold Newton, for example, painted with greater deliberateness but achieved the same effects.

The following text is adapted from Daniel Defoe's 1704 nonfiction book The Storm.
The sermon is a sound of words spoken to the ear, and prepared only for present meditation, and extends no farther than the strength of memory can convey it; a book printed is a record; remaining in every man's possession, always ready to renew its acquaintance with his memory, and always ready to be produced as an authority or voucher to any reports he makes out of it, and conveys its contents for ages to come, to the eternity of mortal time, when the author is forgotten in his grave.

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Bogotá, Colombia, and Fortaleza, Brazil, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 1,121 respondents from Bogotá, 71.9% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 938 respondents from Fortaleza, 35.7% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Bogotá respondents who reported living within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that reported by Fortaleza respondents, greater proximity alone can't explain the difference in park use.

Spanning the 1920s to the 1980s, Mexican architect Luis Barragán's prolific career evolved through distinct phases. After traveling to the United States and Europe in the early 1930s and immersing himself in an international architectural discourse, Barragán began incorporating principles derived from functionalism and modernism in his work, as seen in the apartment building for José Mojica, whose unadorned geometric forms contrast with the historically inspired architecture found in the Harper de Garibi House, one of Barragán's early projects in Guadalajara.

The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1830 short story “Sir William Phips.”
The knowledge, communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous to that which we acquire of a country by the map,—minute, perhaps, and accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced by landscape painting. These defects are partly remediable, and even without an absolute violation of literal truth, although by methods rightfully interdicted to professors of biographical exactness.

In 2018, scientists discovered an immense aggregation of Muusoctopus robustus (pearl octopuses) along a hydrothermal vent 3,200 meters beneath the ocean's surface. Water temperatures at this site—named the Octopus Garden—climb as high as 11°C, much warmer than the ambient 1.6°C typical at this depth. Based on observations made over three years, scientists concluded that temperatures at the site likely confer reproductive benefits and that the site is used exclusively for reproduction—6,000 M. robustus adults, hatchlings, and eggs were observed at the garden, but no juveniles were present.

Scientists recently tested whether scorpion venom reduces the growth of bacteria. The scientists put bacteria in petri dishes with two chambers. They treated the bacteria in one chamber with a saline solution, which does not affect the bacteria. They treated bacteria in the other chamber with scorpion venom. After 14 hours, they counted how many colony-forming units (CFUs) of bacteria were in each chamber.

In 2021, Rocío Uría-Martinez, Megan M. Johnson, and Rul Shan published a report on hydroelectric power plants operating on bodies of water in the US as recently as 2019, and data from their report are shown in the table. Of the plants in the table, the plant with the highest average power generated per year in 2019 was located on the ______

Poems of Experience is a 1910 collection of poetry by Ella Wheeler Wilcox. In one of her poems, the speaker indicates that several beneficial opportunities have recently become available to women, saying, ______

Archaeologist Christiana Kohler and her team excavated the Egyptian tomb of Queen Merneith, the wife of a First Dynasty pharaoh. Some scholars claim that she also ruled Egypt on her own and was actually the first female pharaoh. The team found a tablet in Merneith's tomb with writing suggesting that she was in charge of the country's treasury and other central offices. Whether Merneith was a pharaoh or not, this discovery supports the idea that Merneith likely ______

In the periodic table, an element's atomic number indicates how many protons there are in an atom of the element. For example, a zinc atom ______ 30 protons. Professor Raymond Chang explains this concept in more detail in the textbook Chemistry.

Inspired by her Pomo heritage, artist Susan Billy typically uses willow—a strong and flexible ______ craft baskets that are both beautiful and elaborate.

The historian's books about Zachary Taylor ______ what she is best known for, but she is also well regarded for her scholarship on James Monroe.

The 1970 founding of the Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida and the 1966 Katzenbach v. Morgan court decision are regarded as important events in US civil rights ______ former establishing a Latino rights advocacy group and the latter legally affirming the rights of Latino voters.

A government body officially known as the Althing, ______

Disyllabic words ______ as trochees in English metrical verse, such as “beverage” and “postal,” consist of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable.

Soil polluted with cadmium (a heavy metal) is harmful to many plants and animals, but the plant species Typha latifolia, or broadleaf cattail, not only thrives in such conditions but also helps remediate them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Typha latifolia absorbs a large amount of cadmium and stores it safely in its roots and shoots; ______ cadmium concentrations in the soil decrease.

When printing paper money for the colony of Pennsylvania in the 1730s, Benjamin Franklin—then a Philadelphia shop owner—took steps to combat the circulation of counterfeit notes, such as weaving blue threads and muscovite (a reflective mineral) into the paper he used. ______ he stamped the notes with detailed imprints of sage leaves that proved difficult for forgers to replicate.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a protected natural area in Hawaii,
• It encompasses 61 acres.
• It was established to safeguard the habitat of the Hawaiian stilt, an endangered species.
• The Pearl Harbor NWR is managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.
• The US Fish & Wildlife Service limits human activities in the area.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.
• Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.
• This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.
• Vaalbara was a supercontinent that formed about 3.6 billion years ago.
• Euramerica was a supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including tuna and garlic.
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of North Pacific konbu, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of arame, another type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as high.

• The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
• The ACM gives the award for “major contributions of lasting importance to computing.”
• Judea Pearl won the award in 2011 for developing a calculus for probabilistic reasoning.

Cybersecurity experts often encourage users to create passwords that are fairly complicated and therefore difficult to guess. Nonetheless, research has shown that the more ______ approach to password selection seems to favor convenience over security: for example, the third most commonly used password in 2018 was the easily remembered “123456789.”

Writer Lydia Davis observed that while traditional literary forms, such as the short story, are recognizable as such even as they evolve, there are more ______ forms that might, for example, borrow elements from both fiction and essays to make something unconventional. Anne Carson's collection Float arguably fits in this category, since it straddles the line between prose and poetry.

The fact that publications by Brown University economist Christina Paxson, who studies economics and children, are so frequently cited in other scholars’ work ______ the usefulness of her research for her peers—other economists clearly find her studies valuable for their own scholarship.

The sloping tile roofs and picturesque facade of Mission Santa Inés in Solvang, California, exemplify the Spanish contribution to Californian architecture, an influence that is ______ throughout the state—architectural tourists visiting the San Gabriel Mission Playhouse in San Gabriel, for example, can easily recognize how its style draws inspiration from the Spanish missions.

The following text is adapted from Matthew Arnold's 1869 nonfiction book Culture and Anarchy.
The Times [a British newspaper], replying to some foreign strictures on the dress, looks, and behaviour of the English abroad, urges that the English ideal is that every one should be free to do and to look just as he likes. But culture indefatigably tries, not to make what each raw person may like the rule by which he fashions himself; but to draw ever nearer to a sense of what is indeed beautiful, graceful, and becoming, and to get the raw person to like that.

Text 1
Scholarship today overrepresents experimentally fragmented narrative structures, such as that of Virginia Woolf's To the Lighthouse, beyond the degree to which they actually influenced fiction in Britain and Ireland during the modernist period (roughly 1900-1945). Meanwhile, Elizabeth von Armin's The Enchanted April, whose coherent, linear narrative structure recalls the fiction of previous centuries, attracts woefully little attention from scholars of modernism.
Text 2
Distant reading, or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive collections of digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that have heretofore escaped notice, despite being shared by numerous texts from the modernist period. For too long, scholars have focused on narrative fragmentation versus coherence, inhibiting inquiry into other points of stylistic correspondence among works that would enrich our understanding of the modernist canon.

A student in a political science course is writing a paper on Aristotle's The Politics, in which Aristotle offers his opinion on political instability and gives advice on how constitutions can be preserved. Aristotle observes that different forms of government can fall in different ways—for example, oligarchies might grant power to military leaders during wartime who refuse to relinquish that power during peacetime—but some methods of preserving order apply across all forms of government. The student claims that in particular Aristotle asserts that in a healthy state obedience to law must be as close to absolute as possible and that even minor infractions should not be ignored.

Drosophila (fruit flies) have generation times of 10-12 days, so seasonal changes in food availability and other environmental conditions can drive seasonal fluctuations in chromosome rearrangements in species such as D. robusta and D. mediopunctata. Drosophila body size (for which wing centroid size serves as a proxy measure) correlates with reproductive fitness. Banu Sebnem Onder and Cansu Fidan Aksoy measured the wing sizes of members of a D. melanogaster population in Yesiloz, Turkey, that were collected monthly between May and October over three years. Their research suggests that Drosophila collected in relatively cooler months should tend to have lower reproductive fitness, as is illustrated by the finding that ______

Elaine Ostrander led an international collaboration with Greger Larson and other researchers to study the evolutionary history of size differences in modern dogs, including very small breeds such as Pomeranians. The researchers determined that among dogs as a whole, there are many different variations of the gene that regulates the production of IGF-1 (insulin growth factor 1), a hormone that promotes growth. After reviewing the study, a student concludes that these variations must account for the observed variance in body size among dog breeds.

Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl Hernández-Pérez, and colleagues investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs raised in similar settings. The researchers monitored the brain activity of Sander (a golden retriever), Alma (a mixed breed), and other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didn't resemble human speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that the amount of previous language exposure a dog has received may influence its ability to distinguish familiar languages from unfamiliar ones.

In May of 1987, Malaysia liberalized its stock market, meaning that it began allowing foreign individuals and businesses to invest money in Malaysian companies. This was part of a wave of stock market liberalizations from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s—Thailand in 1988, Mexico in 1989, and so on. In an analysis of economic data from 1976 to 1993, Ross Levine and Sara Zervos found that liberalization did not lead to enduring increases in investment in companies based in countries that liberalized. Peter Blair Henry, however, found that, on average, investment in companies in liberalized countries increased significantly in the three years following liberalization. Taken together, these results suggest that ______

Data collected by the Mars rover Curiosity at the Gale Crater's Murray Formation are suggestive of hydrological deposition of sediment in the distant past. To characterize the nature of the depositional environment, Frances Rivera-Hernández et al. analyzed the grain size of Murray Formation sediment, finding that although there are intervals of coarse grains, most of the sediment consists of fine grains that show signs of cracking due to episodic desiccation. Rivera-Hernández et al. concluded that the coarse grains are sandstone, which tends to be deposited by flowing water, whereas the fine grains are mudstone, which is slowly deposited by settling out of suspension in low-flow water, leading the researchers to posit that ______

Although the language of the Olmec civilization, which flourished in southern Mexico circa 1500 BCE-400 BCE, hasn't been identified, it likely belonged to the Mixe-Zoquean family, a group of related languages whose present-day representatives are spoken in an area corresponding to ancient Olmec sites. The family can be subdivided into a Zoque branch, which includes Copainalá Zoque, and a Mixe branch, which includes Coatlán Mixe. Many words in the Mayan languages—languages spoken in the region but otherwise unrelated to the Mixe-Zoquean family—are Mixe-Zoquean in origin and were likely borrowed during the period when the Olmecs dominated the entire area. Tellingly, all those words derive from the Zoque branch, suggesting that ______

Each year, the Nobel Prize in Literature is given to an author who has, in the words of its founder Alfred Nobel, “produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic ______ in 2011, for instance, judges recognized Tomas Transtromer “[for], through his condensed, translucent images, [giving] us fresh access to reality.”

Mathematician Grigori Perelman, sometimes in conjunction with mathematicians Richard S. Hamilton and Shing-Tung Yau, ______ credited with proving the Poincaré conjecture. Having built on Hamilton's previous work to solve the proof, Perelman has insisted that Hamilton receive credit. Yau later found and closed gaps in Perelman's proof, persuading some mathematicians that he deserves credit as well.

Objects orbiting in the outer solar system between Jupiter and Neptune, such as 49036 Pelion, a 46-kilometer wide body first detected in 1998, ______ both asteroidal and comet-like characteristics, being closer in size and appearance to asteroids but traveling in an elliptical orbit more closely resembling that of comets.

Prishtina, the capital of Kosovo, has a population of 198,214, which accounts for 10.32 percent of the country's total population. Having proportionally large populations ______ common for national capitals.

Researchers studying how agricultural fertilizers impact grassland arthropod populations have employed several collection methods. A team led by researcher Mark E. Ritchie collected arthropods with ______ another research team, led by Alison G. Boyer, gathered them with bug vacuums.

On most of the world's beaches, sand is a predictable cream or beige color. The sand at Kaihalulu Beach in Hawai'i is a strikingly different ______ sand gets its shade from deposits of gray-and tan-hued quartz and feldspar, deposits of iron oxide and other organic matter lend the sand at Kaihalulu Beach a colorful red tint.

The parks of Los Angeles, California, seem to be making people happier. In a 2022 study, researchers ______ for a relationship between the physical location in which a social media post was created and the content of that post analyzed geotagged social media posts from Los Angeles. The team found that posts from the city's parks contained more words associated with happiness than other posts did.

Marcel Duchamp intended his 1917 so-called ready-made sculpture Fountain to challenge then-prevailing conceptions about the nature of art. ______ Duchamp's Fountain did just that, raising the question of whether displaying any object in an art gallery could be said to transform the object—even, as Duchamp's sculpture was, a urinal—into a legitimate work of art.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
• The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale number of 5.
• The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.
• The mineral diamond has a Mohs scale number of 10.

• Minor planets are astronomical objects that orbit the Sun but are neither planets nor comets.
• Astronomer Jane Luu has discovered many minor planets in her career.
• Alongside colleagues David C. Jewitt, Jun Chen, and Chadwick Trujillo, she discovered the minor planet (15874) 1996 TL66 on October 9, 1996.
• Alongside colleagues David C. Jewitt and Chadwick Trujillo, she discovered the minor planet (91554) 1999 RZ215 on September 8, 1999.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A copyright prevents a book's contents from being reproduced (published) without permission from the copyright holder.
• When a book's copyright expires, the book enters the public domain and can be legally reproduced by anyone.
• Cane is a novel by Jean Toomer
• It entered the public domain in 2019.
• Billy Budd, Sailor is a novella by Herman Melville.
• It entered the public domain in 2020.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Love Is Approaching is a 1974 black-and-white linocut print by Namibian artist John Muafangejo.
• It depicts a tranquil, everyday scene (two seated figures reaching for each other).
• La Protesta (“The Protest”) is a 1937 black-and-white linocut print by Mexican artist Leopoldo Méndez.
• It features a scene with an explicitly political point of view (a laborer raising his fist in protest).
• Relief printing is a technique in which an image is carved onto a printing block, covered in ink or paint, and stamped onto paper.
• Lino cutting is a type of relief printing that uses linoleum tile as the printing block.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A sailing trip that goes in a complete circle around the world is called a circumnavigation.
• Most circumnavigations include stops on land.
• Clarisse Cremer is a French sailor.
• Cremer sailed the boat Banque Populaire X on a nonstop, 87-day circumnavigation.
• Asia Pajkowska is a Polish sailor.
• Pajkowska sailed the boat FanFan on a nonstop, 216-day circumnavigation.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Malapportionment is the over- or underrepresentation (relative to population size) of electoral districts in a governing body.
• It is a common feature of representative governments.
• There are 169 seats in Norway's supreme legislature (the Storting).
• Seats are distributed by a formula that awards 1 point per resident and 1.8 points per unit of land.
• Less populated rural districts with large tracts of land receive a disproportionate number of seats compared to smaller but more populated urban districts.