Folk and traditional art can take a wide variety of forms, including arts as ______ one another as storytelling and quilting. The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor people for their accomplishments in these diverse arts and includes among its winners the gospel singer Willie Mae Ford Smith.

The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1926 short story, "Mr. Bradford Teaches Sunday School." Mr. Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.
The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of silver and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning of the dead. The pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread themselves along the water courses while the willows wept as they always did.
Mr. Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature.

Possessing an outstanding collection of public art, Chicago has everything from monumental sculptures like Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate at sites like Millennium Park to innovative street art like Amuse 126's mural High Tide located on South State Street. The ______ public art on display in the city can thus satisfy any art lover.

As with other river deltas, the Danube River delta is ______: it is a constantly evolving network of channels and strips of land that change in size and shape as the river deposits new sedimentary particles where the river meets the waters of the Black Sea.

A survey found that in April 2022, 7.6 percent of subscribers to fashion and apparel services canceled their subscriptions. Reducing this kind of subscriber turnover is especially challenging for subscription sellers: customers' initial enthusiasm for a subscription is often quick to ______, and sellers must thus devise other incentives to bolster retention.

The Vizcaya is just one of approximately three million known historical shipwrecks spread throughout the world's oceans, and their impact on sea life and underwater ecosystems is of great interest to researchers. Rachel Mugge and colleagues were particularly curious about the effects of wooden shipwrecks on seafloor microbial communities. The researchers studied two wooden shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico by placing pieces of pine and oak between zero and 200 meters away from each shipwreck to collect samples of three kinds of microbes: bacteria, archaea, and fungi. They found that across the three microbial communities, peak diversity and richness was observed on pine and oak samples placed approximately 125 meters from the shipwrecks.

The Federalist Papers are a collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They were published pseudonymously in the New York Packet and other New York newspapers in 1787-88 and argue that New Yorkers should vote to ratify the proposed United States Constitution. Though the authorship of most of the individual essays is certain, that of a few is in question: for instance, while No. 6, "Concerning Dangers from Dissensions between the States," was surely penned by Hamilton, No. 62, "The Senate," may have been written by either Hamilton or Madison.

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can allow people to assist with conservation efforts, provide youth with learning experiences outside of the classroom, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist Grace Herzel and colleagues of butterfly color and its relation to behavior, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.

The following text is adapted from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator is traveling by boat with Harris and another friend.
(Harris) told us anecdotes of how he had gone across the (English) Channel when it was so rough that the passengers had to be tied into their (beds), and he and the captain were the only two living souls on board who were not ill. Sometimes it was he and the second mate who were not ill; but it was generally he and one other man. If not he and another man, then it was he by himself.

"Tomato" is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another: The word came to English indirectly from tomate, the Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word's original form is tomatl. "Maize" is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Taíno, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the word for the corn plant is mahis.

To measure whether countries in free trade agreements (FTAs)—agreements among nations to reduce tariffs, duties, and other trade barriers—experience changes in total agricultural exports, economist Kayode Ajewole and colleagues calculated average export growth rates for several countries over the five years before and the five years after entering an FTA with the United States. The graph shows the results for three countries in the study. Consulting the graph, a student claims that joining an FTA increases the rate of growth of a country's total agricultural exports.

Auxins are a class of hormones that influence plant growth, including leaf orientation (the tendency of leaves to be larger on one side of their long central axis than the other). University of California, Berkeley biologist Ciera Martinez and colleagues noted that in certain plants in which leaves grow in pairs, auxins will typically be concentrated in opposite sides of each leaf in the pair (e.g., on the left side of one leaf in the pair and the right side of the other). Accordingly, they hypothesized that paired leaves should tend to show opposite-side orientation, and they tested their hypothesis by examining paired leaves from several species of grapevines.

Researchers have noted that people with clinically typical hearing perceive sounds they believe to be meaningful as quieter than sounds of the same volume that they believe to be noise (i.e., meaningless to the listener). In a recent study, Antonia Olivia Dolan and colleagues allowed participants to listen to (and adjust the volume of) recordings of music in popular genres like heavy metal and acoustic folk, as well as recordings of nature sounds. The researchers noted that participants may have treated the nature sounds as noise, which suggests that if a participant was exposed to Metallica's "Sad but True" and the nature sounds at a volume of 61.5 decibels, the participant likely would have ______

Evan MacLean and colleagues evaluated behavioral and genetic data from over 14,000 dogs, representing more than 100 breeds, and found that variations in behavior between breeds can be attributed to genetic variations between those breeds, suggesting a genetic basis for breed differences in behavior. This was the case for both separation problems and dog rivalry but was especially pronounced for attachment and attention-seeking, which can be seen when a dog solicits affection or attention. In a different study, researchers found that, with regard to attachment and attention-seeking, the French bulldog behaves in notably different ways than the cairn terrier. Together, these findings imply that ______

The jade hawkmoth, a large-bodied moth, defends itself against the eastern red bat and other insect-eating bats, which use echolocation to hunt, by emitting ultrasonic clicks that can, for instance, disrupt the bats' echolocation signals. To investigate moths' defensive ultrasound—which researchers had thought was exclusive to tiger moths, hawkmoths, and one species of geometer moths—Akito Y. Kawahara et al. recorded the responses of moths from 252 genera, representing most families of large-bodied moths, to audio playback of bat echolocation. The researchers found that 52 of the genera, including several genera belonging to the geometer family, produced defensive ultrasonic clicks. This result suggests that______.

The towns of ______ Ayem, and Jamame are all located almost directly on the equator. However, they are each in different countries: Kenya, Gabon, and Somalia, respectively.

In the periodic table, an element's atomic number indicates how many protons there are in an atom of the element. For example, a helium atom ______ 2 protons. Professor Raymond Chang explains this concept in more detail in the textbook Chemistry.

Directed by the Mohawk filmmaker Tracey Deer, the feature-length drama Beans is one of many films by Indigenous women ______ featured in film festivals in recent years.

Nicolay de Caveri, the Genoese geographer responsible for creating a sixteenth-century world map, and Flemish ______ known for showing the world in a cordiform projection, are both remembered for their contributions to the history of mapmaking during the early modern period.

On February 1, 2018, a Florida-based research team-Martha A. Scholl, Maoya Bassiouni, and Angel J. Torres-Sánchez-compiled climate data from several sites in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains. At 3:00 p.m., the air temperature was 17.9°C at site CC1, the site with the highest ______ it had shifted to 16.2°C by 8:30 p.m.

Two of the most celebrated examples of visual allegory in painting, The Four Elements: Air by Joachim Beuckelaer and Ceres (Summer) by Antoine Watteau, were completed in 1570 and ______ such allegorical artwork was particularly popular from the 15th through the late 18th centuries.

A blend of gabardine and wool, the material for Elvis Presley's Peacock jumpsuit was flexible enough to allow the singer to perform his signature dance moves. ______ the added weight of the suit's embroidered feathers in shades of blue and green likely limited Elvis's mobility to some degree.

When it was completed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, was criticized—even protested—for the novelty of its unique spire-like silhouette. ______the design is commonplace, found in everything from Eiffel Tower replicas like the one in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to structures like the Copenhagen Zoo Tower in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have focused on secondary objects such as S/2006 (311066), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid 2004 DC. In 2022 NASA intentionally crashed a probe into just such an object, successfully altering its orbit. Scientists have yet to demonstrate, ______that 2004 DC and other primary objects would be similarly affected.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Simon Kenton Trail is a rail trail.
• It is located in Ohio.
• The Papermill Trail is a rail trail.
• It is located in Maine.
• Rail trails are former railroad corridors that have been converted into public paths.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
• In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
• Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds.
• Touchardia latifolia, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued.
• Hedychium gardnerianum, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native species catalogued.
• Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of native and non-native plants.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
• Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
• Elizabeth Lusby was the lighthouse keeper at Turkey Point Light in Maryland.
• She held this position from 1844 to 1862.
• Thelma Austin was the lighthouse keeper at Point Fermin Light in California.
• She held this position from 1925 to 1941.

Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed, a few fictitious entries, such as those for the American new wave band Transformatix and the Civil War general George K. Broomhall, persisted on the site for many years before they were finally recognized as ______ and deleted.

Agglomeration economies arise when multiple firms in related industries ______ an area , as with iron and steel production firms and cutlery and hardware manufacturers in Wolverhampton, UK. Economists have assumed that companies cluster for the same reasons, but Giulia Faggio et al. found that factors driving agglomeration in some cases are only weakly correlated with agglomeration in others.

Studying menus from nineteenth-century restaurants, advertisements for defunct amusement parks, and posters promoting long-forgotten plays may seem like a frivolous pursuit, but ephemeral objects like these are useful as markers of cultural change: they can ______ shifts in norms, values, and concerns that traditional objects of historical inquiry may not.

The following text is from Anthony Trollope's 1855 novel The Warden. Charles James is the son of a high-ranking clergy member.
Charles James was an exact and careful boy; he never committed himself; he well knew how much was expected from the eldest son of the Archdeacon of Barchester; and was therefore mindful not to mix too freely with other boys. He had not the great talents of his younger brothers, but he exceeded them in judgment and propriety of demeanour; his fault, if he had one, was an over-attention to words instead of things; there was a thought too much finesse about him, and, as even his father sometimes told him, he was too fond of a compromise.

Advancements like the emergence of ceramics manufacturing in central Europe circa 28,000 BCE are overemphasized in innovation studies, contributing to the idea that technological change always brings greater complexity. Research by Nathaniel Erb-Satullo reveals an important exception: gold metallurgy flourished in the Caucasus in the Bronze Age, but a steep drop during that time (circa 1500 BCE) in objects featuring gold filigree (in which fine threads of gold are arranged in intricate patterns) and other sophisticated goldsmithing techniques suggests that simpler processes supplanted advanced methods.

Though John Crowley, author of The Translator, is not as well known as the most widely read American writers of the past fifty years, his work has had several influential champions, including the poet James Merrill and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In his afterword to Crowley's book Little, Big, Bloom argues that the novel adroitly blends what playwright Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental modes—while Schiller thought works could be classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or sentimental (seeking to develop ideas), Little, Big fuses both modes of writing.

Text 1
The University of Pennsylvania and the investment bank Barclays are two of the many institutions offering training programs in entrepreneurship. But what results do such programs produce? In a study of business students and graduates in Scotland, researchers Laura Galloway and Wendy Brown addressed this question and reported that participants who received entrepreneurial training showed strong intentions to become entrepreneurs.
Text 2
While studies of entrepreneurial training typically report positive results, a close look at these studies reveals widespread methodological shortcomings. This research literature is plagued by unclear hypotheses, insufficient sample sizes, a lack of control groups, and failures to establish pretraining baselines for the measured attributes of participants.

Mexican architect Luis Barragán's prolific career, which spanned the 1920s to the 1980s, evolved through distinct phases. After traveling to the United States and Europe in the early 1930s and immersing himself in a broader architectural discourse, Barragán began incorporating principles derived from functionalism and modernism in his work, as seen in the houses in Avenida Parque Mexico, whose unadorned geometric forms contrast with his earlier projects in Guadalajara, such as the house in Calle Liceo, which evince the aesthetics of traditional Mediterranean and Mexican styles.

Studies of the population density of cougars (Puma concolor) have yielded a range of results, which may in part reflect differences in the effectiveness of the methods that researchers have used in their studies. If, for example, the use of clustered camera trapping and GPS tracking of collars tends to lead to underestimates of cougar population density, that may explain why the study by ______

Onesmus Kitonyo and colleagues conducted a study in Kenya to investigate whether tilling—the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or other machines before planting crops—increases or decreases the yield of maize. Citing the results of the study by Kitonyo and colleagues, a student claims that tilling will help farmers increase crop yields generally.

Growing seasons in Alaska have been extending further into the year as a result of climate changes, potentially enabling increased carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption through greater productivity of marsh cinquefoil (Comarum palustre) plants and other vegetation, but also potentially enabling increased CO₂, output through greater heterotrophic respiration (CO₂) generated by the activity of soil microorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi and her colleagues developed a model incorporating numerous inputs-years of solar radiation and snow cover data among them—to evaluate the effects of climate changes on the CO₂ balance in Alaska, concluding that net CO₂, is likely to increase if seasonal snow cover arrives earlier relative to the onset of soil surface freezing.

Anna Linderholm and other researchers probed the evolutionary history of size variation in canids (wolves, foxes, dogs, and their close relatives). The researchers found that small domestic dogs (e.g., Pomeranians) as well as small wild canids (e.g., foxes) tend to have a particular variant, known as the C allele, of the gene IGF1, a growth-related gene found in all mammals. Large canids (e.g., grey wolves, German shepherds), however, tend to have a different variant, known as the T allele, of IGF1. The researchers concluded that the T allele is the more recent of the two alleles to emerge.

Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raúl Hernández-Perez, and colleagues investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs raised in similar settings. The researchers monitored the brain activity of Pán (an Australia shepherd), Alma (a mixed breed), and | other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didn't resemble human speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that the amount of previous language exposure a dog has received may influence its ability to distinguish familiar languages from unfamiliar ones.

Most Native languages belong to language families, or groups of languages whose similarities in vocabulary and grammar suggest shared descent from a single language spoken long ago. In contrast, the language spoken by the Chimariko people in a mountainous area of Northern California was an isolate, or a language with no demonstrated relationship to other languages. Isolates are more prevalent in mountainous regions, likely because challenging terrain inhibits the geographical expansion of language families. Yet factors other than geographical barriers also influenced the distribution of Indigenous languages in California and elsewhere in the present-day United States.

Saeed M.Z.A. Tarabieh conducted a study of consumer attitudes toward Jordanian food and beverage companies and found that for consumers who value environmental conservation, their likelihood of purchasing a product decreased when their perception of the product's risk of causing environmental harm increased. Subsequently, other researchers conducted a study of various demographic groups in Chile, investigating participants' intentions to purchase a new mobile phone, and found that, on average, college students had the lowest perception among all the demographic groups in the study of the environmental risks of the mobile phone. Assuming that the results of Tarabieh's study are broadly applicable, this finding suggests that ______

Despite the fact that what is now known as the Cavendish balance was first constructed by John Michell, the device is named after the eighteenth-century English natural philosopher Henry Cavendish. One might assume cases like this, where a discovery or concept is not named after the first person who discovered it, to be ______ they are counted among a litany of examples of Stigler's law.

With one in Canada and another in Antarctica, the observatory sites that are part of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network—or SuperDARN, as space physicists like Tomoaki Hori call ______ number nearly five dozen. Located across the globe, the radars track low-latitude auroras and other geospace phenomena.

The Proto-Aymara language, common ancestor of three South American languages with similar linguistic properties, ______like all protolanguages, hypothetical: there's no direct evidence these ancestral languages actually existed.

Categorized as a trochee, the word "siphon" consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable. The word "mutiny," by comparison, consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, a metrical foot ______ to in English metrical verse as a dactyl.

The Northern Taurid meteor shower's brightness typically surpasses that of the Draconid meteor shower due to the interplay of three main factors—namely, the size and composition of the ______ velocity upon entering Earth's mesosphere, with higher-velocity meteoroids releasing more energy; and atmospheric fluctuations, such as changes in humidity.

The extensive impact that cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) have had on medicine belies their minuscule size, the nanoparticles typically ______ from only 8 to 28 billionths of a meter.

Kore, one of the eighty known moons of Jupiter, is designated as Jupiter XLIX ("XLIX" means "49"). Roman numerals typically indicate the order in which the moons were named rather than the order of their proximity to Jupiter. It is incorrect to assume, ______that Kore is the forty-ninth moon from Jupiter in terms of proximity.

In her 2015 poem "Migration," Lyrae Van Clief-Stefanon contemplates Jacob Lawrence's painting The Migration Series, presenting a nuanced imaginative response to Lawrence's piece that goes beyond mere description. ______ rather than simply presenting the painting's elements in a straightforward way, Van Clief-Stefanon uses the painting's bold colors and exaggerated shapes as a vehicle for exploring themes of community and cultural identity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Yoji Totsuka is a Japanese particle physicist.
• Particle physicists study subatomic particles.
• Neutrinos are some of the least understood subatomic particles.
• Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid-twentieth century.
• Totsuka is known for his discovery of atmospheric muon-neutrino oscillations.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Mikaela Marques Pulzatto and M.S. Dainez Filho published a study in 2017.
• In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a positive effect on the germination of Cecropia pachystachya plant seeds.
• Jorge E. López and C. Vaughan published a study in 2004.
• In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a neutral effect on the germination of Senna fruticosa plant seeds.
• Katrin Heer, Larissa Albrecht, and Elisabeth K.V. Kalko published a study in 2010.
• In it, the researchers found that ingestion by bats had a negative effect on the germination of Ficus obtusifolia plant seeds.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Need Money for Cars is a 2023 sculpture by American artist Beau Dunn.
• It consists of a white neon sign that spells out the title phrase.
• Pyramid (Yellow) is a 2011 sculpture by Mexican-Swiss artist Ana Roldán.
• It consists of a yellow neon sign that forms an abstract triangle shape.
• Neon signs became popular with advertisers in the 1920s and began to decline in popularity in the 1960s.
• Neon signs became popular with artists in the 1960s and continue to be popular today.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Rooftops is a 1935 black-and-white linocut by Japanese American artist Isami Doi.
• It depicts an everyday scene (a woman hanging laundry up to dry).
• Field is a 1968 black-and-white linocut by Black American artist Samella Lewis.
• It features a scene with an explicitly political point of view (a laborer raising his fist in a symbol of liberation).
• Lino cutting is an inexpensive printmaking technique in which an image is carved onto linoleum tile, which is then painted and stamped onto paper.
• Artist Paul Flight called lino cutting "an art of the people" for its ease of use.