Dragon against Tiger is an important work of Nihonga, or classical Japanese painting. Unlike Wada Eisaku, who adopted traditional European methods such as painting with oil on canvas, Hashimoto Gaho ______ traditional Japanese approaches. For instance, Hashimoto produced Dragon against Tiger by applying color pigments to a silk surface.

Domesticated thousands of years ago in South America, the tomatillo deviates structurally from the wild plant it is descended from. Summer squash, another domesticated crop from the Americas, doesn't closely resemble any wild plant, and genetic research only recently ______ its ancestor to be the wild johnny gourd.

The following text is adapted from Anton Chekhov's 1904 play The Cherry Orchard (translated by Julius West in 1916).
TROFIMOV: Believe me, Anya, believe me! I'm not thirty yet, I'm young, I'm still a student, but I have undergone a great deal! I'm as hungry as the winter, I'm ill, I'm shaken... and where haven't I been-fate has tossed me everywhere!

Text corpora such as the British National Corpus are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding the frequency of typical word usage. If one has a ______ that the word “own” has a high incidence in English, for example, an analysis of a corpus can support that hypothesis by showing that "own" is the eighth most commonly used adjective.

Researchers have long hypothesized that woolly mammoths were hunted to extinction in North America by humans using spears with grooved tips known as Clovis points. One anthropologist set out to test this hypothesis. Using a mechanical spear-thrower, he launched spears with Clovis points into mounds of clay-substitutes for the animals' large bodies. The projectiles generally penetrated only a few inches into the clay, an amount insufficient to have harmed most woolly mammoths. This led the anthropologist to conclude that hunters using spears with Clovis points likely weren't the principal drivers of the extinction.

In what is now Washington state, the Tulalip Tribes operate the Hibulb Cultural Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Tulalip history and culture to the tribes' citizens. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa, a tribe in North Dakota, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren't Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

Text 1
The University of Wisconsin and the online class provider Coursera are two of the many institutions offering training programs in entrepreneurship. But what results do such programs produce? In a study of aspiring entrepreneurs in the United States, researcher James Chrisman and colleagues addressed this question and reported that participants who received entrepreneurial training showed high performance at their jobs.
Text 2
While studies of entrepreneurial training typically report positive results, a close look reveals widespread methodological shortcomings that could explain those findings. These studies are plagued by insufficient sample sizes, a lack of control groups, and failures to establish pretraining baselines for the measured attributes of participants.

"Cocoa" is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from cacao, the Spanish word for the plant that chocolate is made from. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word's original form is cacahuatl. "Puma" is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Quechua, a language of South America, in which the word for the mountain lion is also puma.

In Bolivia, use of solid fuel (e.g., coal, wood) as a share of total household fuel use fell by more than half between 2000 and 2015; such shifts are typically explained by appeal to the energy ladder, a model holding that fuel choice is mediated mainly by household income(specifically, high-technology fuels displace solid fuels as incomes rise). Richard Hosier and Jeffrey Dowd's study of fuel use in Zimbabwe shows how reductive this model is, however: although income of course constrained fuel choice, several factors, including the difficulty of acquiring fuel sources,influenced decisions.

The following text is adapted from Daniel Defoe's 1704 nonfiction book The Storm.
The sermon is a sound of words spoken to the ear, and prepared only for present meditation, and extends no farther than the strength of memory can convey it; a book printed is a record; remaining in every man's possession, always ready to renew its acquaintance with his memory, and always ready to be produced as an authority or voucher to any reports he makes out of it, and conveys its contents for ages to come, to the eternity of mortal time, when the author is forgotten in his grave.

A student is researching the trends in the topics submitted to a national science fair for high school students. The graph shows the number of submissions by topic that were made each year. Based on the data in the graph, the student claims that there were more medicine and health research topics submitted in 2019 than in any other year.

Claudine at School is a 1900 novel by Colette, originally written in French. The narrator is a fifteen-year-old girl living in a small, rural town. She presents herself as having a strong emotional attachment to the surrounding forests: ______

To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used historical aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the annual mean size of forest patches across different land use capability classes (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land). Due to the Chorotega region’s climate, various types of forested areas were converted to cattle pasture as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. By the mid-1980s, however, increased public awareness and environmental reforms, along with a decline in meat prices, triggered a natural regrowth process, as evident by the ______

Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which ranged from clicks in Actias luna to whistles in Rhodinia fugax. Although some insects use sound to communicate with members of the same species, the researchers claim that the caterpillar sounds recorded in their study are directed primarily at predators.

In dialects of English spoken in Scotland, the “r”sound is strongly emphasized when it appears at the end of syllables (as in “car”) or before other consonant sounds (as in “bird"). English dialects of the Upland South, a region stretching from Oklahoma to western Virginia, place similar emphasis on “r” at the ends of syllables and before other consonant sounds. Historical records show that the Upland South was colonized largely by people whose ancestors came from Scotland. Thus, linguists have concluded that ______

What makes the theremin a unique musical instrument? You play it without touching it. When you place your ______ the pitch will shift as your hands move through the air.

Round Rock Chapter is one of the 110 chapters of the Navajo Nation (Naabeeho Binahasdzo). The chapter, known as Tse Nikani in the Navajo language (Dine bizaad), was the subject of a profile ______ in the Navajo Times on February 13, 2014.

San Juan High School and Grand County High School are two of several Utah ______ enormous geoglyph of the letters SJ overlooks San Juan High, while a geoglyph of the letter G overlooks Grand County High.

Deposits of crushed orange limestone and other organic matter lend the sand at Porto Ferro Beach in Italy an unusual orange tint that dazzles ______ they take a bit of sand home, though, it disturbs the beach's ecosystem by contributing to erosion.

Consider the mechanics of the pinhole camera: light passes through a small hole, resulting in a focused projected image. A ray diagram reveals how this ______ the hole's small size restricts light to a single ray, all light passing through the hole can only arrive at a single destination, eliminating diffraction and ensuring a clear image.

While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Central Tanintharyi Coast in Myanmar and the Prek Toal Bird Sanctuary in Cambodia, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of conservation efforts that, through community involvement and scientific ______ aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

In 1949, Frank Zamboni developed an ice rink resurfacing machine. As Zamboni's machine moved along the rink's surface, it first scraped off the top layer of ice. ______ it sprayed water into the deep grooves left behind by customers' skates. Lastly, it smoothed over the newly formed ice.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid beam and a fulcrum.
● The fulcrum is the point about which the beam pivots.
● The input force (effort) is the force applied to the lever.
● The output force (load) is the force that the lever exerts on another object.
● In first-class levers, the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load.
● In second-class levers, the load is located between the effort and the fulcrum.

• Richard Serra is an American artist.
• He is known for his large metal sculptures.
• His large sculpture Open Ended is made of weathering steel.
• His large sculpture Strike: To Roberta and Rudy is made of hot-rolled steel.

• Maya Lin is an American artist known for her memorials and large-scale installation artworks.
• She became famous in 1982 when she completed the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which consists of two 246-foot granite walls.
• She completed Water Line in 2006.
• It is an installation composed of aluminum tubing that fills an entire gallery room.
• She completed Seven Earth Mountain in 2015.
• It is an installation composed of soil that fills an entire gallery room.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.
● Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.
● This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.
● Euramerica and Kenorland were supercontinents.
● Euramerica formed about 300 million years ago.
● Kenorland formed about 2.6 billion years ago.

• The Haystack Mountain School of Crafts (1961) is a building complex designed by American architect Edward Larrabee Barnes.
• It is located in Deer Isle, Maine.
• It features a cluster of cedar-shingled buildings.
• It is considered an impressive example of critical regionalist architecture.

Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Francis II or Louis XI was considered historically significant or, conversely, relatively ______, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the monarch to assert a claim to the throne successfully.

In the 2010s, the price of vintage Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive effect of ______ demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase old action figures thronged the market, believing prices would continue to rise and the toys could be resold later at a profit.

Studying wrappers from discontinued candies, menus from nineteenth-century restaurants, and flyers promoting long-forgotten sporting events may seem like a frivolous pursuit, but ephemeral objects like these are useful as markers of cultural change: they can ______ shifts in norms, values, and concerns that traditional objects of historical inquiry may not.

______ though it seemed to many mathematicians, the Marden tameness conjecture, posed in 1974, eventually yielded to the efforts of Ian Agol, who presented a proof of it in 2004.

Why do rusty-spotted cats purr but jaguars roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats called the hyoid. Rusty-spotted cats, which are much smaller than jaguars, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, jaguars have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that rusty-spotted cats lack. These traits allow jaguars and most other species of big cats to produce powerful roars. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

Scholarly interest in literary juvenilia—writings by children and teenagers—tends to focus on unpublished works by authors who became famous as adults, such as Charles Dickens's poem "The Bill of Fare," which he wrote around the ages of 18-20, because they offer insights into their authors' artistic development. But some scholars also argue that recovering juvenilia by lesser-known writers is essential to understanding literary history: Daisy Ashford's novels, which she published as a child, were widely read by contemporaries and are therefore deserving of closer attention.

To understand how temperature change affects microorganism-mediated cycling of soil nutrients in alpine ecosystems, Eva Kastovska et al. collected plant-soil cores in the Tatra Mountains at elevations around 2,100 meters and transplanted them to elevations of 1,700-1,800 meters, where the mean air temperature was warmer by 2°C. Microorganism-mediated nutrient cycling was accelerated in the transplanted cores; crucially, microorganism community composition was unchanged, allowing Kastovska et al. to attribute the acceleration to temperature-induced increases in microorganism activity.

Michael G.Campana and colleagues relied on historical DNA (hDNA)-genomic data incidentally preserved in specimens housed in natural history collections-to investigate the evolutionary origins of a fungal pathogen affecting bats. Although this approach offers unique benefits, such as access to genomic data from extirpated populations, it remains a relatively underutilized resource because hDNA is often to some extent degraded, a situation not easily remediable under current methodological paradigms and with extant DNA extraction and analysis technologies.

In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Rosa Bonheur's 1855 painting The Horse Fair marks a significant change in Bonheur's artistic development.

Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raul Hernandez-Perez, and colleagues investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs.The researchers monitored the brain activity of Kun-kun (a border collie), Bingo (a mixed breed), and other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled so that they didn't resemble human speech. Each dog was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that differences in dogs' anatomical features may affect their ability to distinguish speech from nonspeech.

"Poetry" is a 1919 poem by Marianne Moore. The poem highlights an ambivalence toward poetry as the speaker acknowledges its merits while also expressing a sense of displeasure, writing ______

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In one portion of the novel, Toomer uses figurative language to connect the narrator's urban environment of Washington, DC, and the rural South of the narrator's past, writing, ______

Some climate models for the western United States predict that while total annual precipitation may remain unchanged from the present level, precipitation will become concentrated into fewer but more intense rain and snow events. University of Texas climate scientist Geeta Persad and her colleagues simulated how the amount of water entering aquifers and the amount being used for irrigation purposes would change if this were to occur. Persad and her colleagues concluded that concentration of precipitation into fewer events would result in a higher number of dry days, triggering more irrigation, but that this change in irrigation output is highly sensitive to the baseline concentration of precipitation that currently exists in an area.

Ships in the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were ranked based on military strength. The system considered the number of a ship's cannons and decks. “First-rate” was the highest ranking, and “sixth-rate” was the lowest ranking, followed by unranked ships. The size of a ship's crew was based on this ranking: first-rate ships had between 850 and 875 crewmen, while lower-ranked ships had fewer. Two of the ships in the British Royal Navy from this period were the Boyne (98 cannons and three decks) and the Britannia (120 cannons and three decks). Of these two, only the Britannia was ranked a first-rate ship. It can therefore be concluded that ______

In a 2018 study, Deepak Jaiswal and Rishi Kant found that consumers' knowledge of environmental issues had no effect on the likelihood that the consumers would purchase environmentally friendly products. Since this study was based on fewer than 400 young adults in India, however, doubts have been raised about how reliable and representative the findings are. To better understand the issue, Wencan Zhuang and colleagues analyzed the results of 54 studies of eco-friendly consumer behavior, such as a 2018 study from Indonesia that included 916 participants and a 2018 study from India with 202 participants. Taking all 54 studies together, Zhuang and colleagues found a significant positive effect of environmental knowledge on eco-friendly purchasing decisions, suggesting that ______

In Norway, the Longyearbyen observatory site monitors activity in the upper atmosphere of the northern ______ in Australia, another observatory site, Buckland Park, monitors the sky of the southern hemisphere. Together, they are part of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network-or SuperDARN, as space physicists like Tadahiko Ogawa call it.

Long attributed to Jacques-Louis David, the preeminent Neoclassical painter of his day, the 1801 painting Marie Josephine Charlotte du Val d'Ognes gained fresh attention in the 1990s when art historians discovered that the painting which depicts a solitary young woman sketching was actually the work of little-known French portrait ______ Marie-Denise Villers(1774-1821).

Along the hallowed walls of New York City's Museum of Modern Art hangs 24.5-by-34.5 inch oil ______ which was created in 1964 by American artist Vija Celmins.

Legal scholars James Melton and Tom Ginsburg's analysis of de jure judicial independence and its growth over decades ______ six constitutional features that enhance such independence, including judicial tenure and selection procedure. Romania's constitution contains one of these features.

For Spain, a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1982, NATO'S principle of collective defense confers both benefits and ______ organization's many members, nations as disparate as the US and Slovenia, are all bound to defend Spain, the reverse is also true.

As of 2017, Italy's top tax rate of 55% was lower than the country's Laffer curve peak (70%). To some economists, whether a tax cut will ultimately increase ltaly's tax revenue is dependent on the country's position on the Laffer ______ a theoretical relationship between tax rates and revenues, the curve was famously sketched on a napkin by economist Arthur Laffer in 1974.

Working together with the Navajo Nation Department of Water Resources, Dr. Lani Tsinnajinnie analyzed data about snowpack levels in the Chuska Mountains. She found that the snowpack (the amount of snow on the ground) was deepest in early March at lower elevations. At higher elevations, ______ the snowpack was deepest in mid-March.

Biographer Michael Gorra notes that the novelist Henry James "lived in a world of second thoughts," frequently tinkering with his novels and stories after their initial publication. However, the differences between the 1881 first edition and the 1908 edition of his novel A Portrait of a Lady are extreme, even by James's standards; ______ some critics regard the two editions as two different novels altogether.

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have focused on secondary objects such as S/2020(2013 PY6), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid 2013 PY6. In 2022 NASA intentionally crashed a probe into just such an object, successfully altering its orbit. Scientists have yet to demonstrate, ______ that 2013 PY6 and other primary objects would be similarly affected.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Documentary TV programs in the slow TV genre consist of uninterrupted broadcasts of ordinary events in real time.
● Nordlandsbanen: Minutt for Minutt is a Norwegian slow TV program.
● The 10-hour-long program documented a train ride from Trondheim to Bodo.
● It first aired in 2012.
● In her book Spectacular Television: Exploring Televisual Pleasure, British film scholar Helen Wheatley writes that slow TV “offers unspectacular' spectacle.”

• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American figures in water.
• The painting Lightness of Being (24 x 30 in) depicts a young man with his arms outstretched floating on the right side of the canvas.
• Lost in the Shuffle (36 x 24 in) depicts two young men with their arms outstretched floating in the bottom left and upper right corners of the canvas.
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including periwinkle and cobalt.
• The mood in the paintings is placid.

• Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist who produced more than two thousand drawings and paintings.
• Most of his works were completed in New York City in the 1980s.
• His work Mater was completed in 1982.
• The work is composed of acrylic and oil stick on canvas and measures 72 inches by 84 inches.
• Mater was purchased by a private collection for $5.8 million in a 2009 auction.