Becoming a member of the organization Indigenous Photograph has helped Solomon Nzioki (Kikuyu and Kamba) to ______ his work with an audience beyond Kenya, where he's from. The organization's database of members is used by photography editors and others in the media industry around the world.

Since the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into space in 1990, astronauts have needed to complete regular missions to repair the telescope and keep it working smoothly. Researchers hope that robots will soon be able to make these repairs. Employing robots instead of humans to make repairs will be helpful, as ______ astronauts to maintain the telescope can be expensive.

In 1776, the United States sent Benjamin Franklin to France to try to win the country's support in the United States' fight for independence from Great Britain. Franklin was very popular in France. This ______ surely helped him to convince France to assist the United States.

The creation of Lotte Reinger's 1926 animated film The Adventures of Prunce Achmed was ______ process. Over the course of three years, Reiniger and her collaborators painstakingly made more than 250,000 individual images of hand-cut paper silhouettes and repeatedly had to invent entirely new methods and tools to create the special effects Reiniger envisioned.

The following text is from Yung Wing's 1909 memoir My Life in China and America. Yung Wing was the first American college graduate of Chinese heritage; Phoebe Brown was the first prominent female hymn writer in the United States.
I look back upon my acquaintance with Mrs. Phoebe H. Brown with a mingled feeling of respect and admiration. She certainly was a remarkable New England woman—a woman of surpassing strength of moral and religious character. Those who have had the rare privilege of reading her stirring biography, will, I am sure, bear me out in this statement. She went through the crucible of unprecedented adversities and trials of life and came out one of the rare shining lights that beautify the New England sky.

The following text is from Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein, who is narrating this portion of text, describes the state of scientific knowledge as he began his own study of the natural world.
The untaught peasant beheld the elements around him and was acquainted with their practical uses. The most learned philosopher knew little more. He had partially unveiled the face of Nature, but her immortal lineaments were still a wonder and a mystery. He might dissect, anatomise, and give names; but, not to speak of a final cause, causes in their secondary and tertiary grades were utterly unknown to him. I had gazed upon the fortifications and impediments that seemed to keep human beings from entering the citadel of nature, and rashly and ignorantly I had repined.

In the 1880s and 1890s, Lillian Thomas Fox worked as a civic leader and journalist in Indianapolis advocating for public health in Indiana's Black communities. Fox's accomplishment is just one example of the rich history of Black journalism in the United States. That history is preserved by the National Association of Black Journalists, which was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1975 to support Black media professionals and honor people like Fox.

Why do bobcats purr but jaguars roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats called the hyoid. Bobcats, which are much smaller than jaguars, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, jaguars have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that bobcats lack. These traits allow jaguars and most other species of big cats to produce powerful roars. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

“Cocoa” is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from cacao, the Spanish word for the plant that chocolate is made from. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word's original form is cacahuatl. “Puma” also has an Indigenous origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Quechua, a language of South America, in which the word for the mountain lion is also puma.

A team of public transportation experts in Oceanside, California, is creating a new light rail stop for the SPRINTER system that will service a neighborhood in which a stop does not currently exist. To decide where to place the stop, the team is using a survey from ten years ago that asked how far neighborhood residents would be willing to walk to a light rail stop. The team also looked at studies showing that people's willingness to walk to public transit is influenced by factors like weather and the presence of well-enforced low speed limits for cars. A researcher has argued that the survey does not accurately reflect the feelings of today's residents of this neighborhood.

In what is now the state of California, there are over 100 tribal nations. One of the largest, the Yurok Tribe, covers 88.08 square miles in the northern part of the state. However, most tribal nations in California are less than 50 square miles in total area. For example, the total area of the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians tribe in Southern California is ______

“A Pair of Silk Stockings” is an 1897 short story written by Kate Chopin. In the story, Mrs. Sommers is depicted as sometimes making decisions without conscious deliberation: ______

Population figures for a city can vary significantly depending on what areas are included in the count. Often, governments will report a value for the city proper (including only residents within the city limits) and another for the larger metropolitan area (including residents from nearby places beyond the city limits). Citing the data in the table, a journalist claims the population estimates from the United Nations (UN) most likely included people outside the cities proper.

To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega Region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the forest cover area across different land use capability class (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land.) Due to the Chorotega region's accessibility, various types of forest areas were converted to cattle practices as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. By the mid 1980s, however, increased public awareness and environmental reforms, along with a decline in meat prices, engendered a natural forest regrowth, as evident by the .

The 1894 novel A Journey in Other Worlds by American author J.J. Astor ______ the first use of the word “spaceship.”

Florence Dreyfous and Edith L. King were among the 300 artists who exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, a groundbreaking New York City art exhibition that introduced modernism to American audiences. Though shocking at the time, an abstract cubist painting exhibited by Marcel Duchamp—one of several works that received scorn from critics— ______ the Western art canon more than a century later.

Increasing the heat on an uncovered boiling pot of water does not increase the temperature of the water. What increases is the rate at which the water turns to ______ a pressure cooker pot, though, an airtight seal traps the vapor in the pot, creating pressure that allows the temperature of the water to increase past its boiling point.

Each year, the Nobel Prize in Literature is given to an author who has, in the words of its founder Alfred Nobel, “produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic ______ in 1967, for instance, judges recognized Miguel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.”

With a blend of traditional design elements, such as arched Gothic ceilings, and modern ones, such as floor-to-ceiling ______ design splits the difference between old and new, a mixture that is increasingly seen in home interiors in the US.

Paintings by the renowned twentieth-century US ______ were featured in Artist to Artist, an exhibition at the Smithsonian Art Museum that paired the works of artists whose career trajectories intersected in meaningful ways.

In August 1864, Joseph Daily joined the US Navy, where he went on to serve aboard the USS Mohican during the US Civil War. ______ he earned a place in US history as one of the war's few Chinese-born American soldiers.

In 1974, Mexican chemist Mario Molina and US chemist F. Sherwood Rowland discovered that chemicals called CFCs were harmful to the ozone layer. Their research was extremely influential in the fight against CFCs. ______ it laid the foundation for a 1987 treaty that phased out the use of CFCs across the globe.

Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerodynamic than bulkier ones. The streamlined nose of the T-41 Mescalero jet, ______ helps it glide through wind with relative ease, while a boxy pickup truck encounters more wind resistance, making it less aerodynamic.

• Springtails are a group of noninsect hexapods (six-legged animals).
• Researchers Claudia Marcela Ospina-Sanchez, Felipe N. Soto-Adames, and Grizelle Gonzalez conducted a study to determine how many springtail species are present in Puerto Rico.
• They found a total of 146 springtail species.
• They found 8 springtail species belonging to the genus Calvatomina.
• They found 6 springtail species belonging to the genus Trogolaphysa.

• India Arie is an African American singer and songwriter
• The media outlet All Music has described her music as having “glistening acoustic guitar, churchy organ, and smooth, supple beats.”
• Her first studio album, Acoustic Soul, was released in 2001.
• It features the song “Always in My Head.”
• David Spak played percussion on the album.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A merchant vessel is any ship hired to carry cargo or passengers.
• Common merchant vessels include bulk carriers, cruise liners, and oil tankers.
• A vessel's carrying capacity is also known as its deadweight tonnage (DWT).
• In 2021, there were a total of 1,323 merchant vessels registered in the Bahamas.
• The combined DWT of these vessels was 74.3 million tons.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Musicians around the world have used protest songs to raise awareness about human rights violations.
• US folk singer Aunt Molly Jackson released the protest song “Poor Miner's Farewell” in 1932.
• It exposed the unlivable wages and dangerous working conditions coal miners faced in Kentucky during the 1920s and 1930s.
• South African singer-songwriter Hugh Masekela released the protest song “Bring Him Back Home” in 1987.
• It called on the South African government to free Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid leader who'd been unjustly imprisoned.

The fossil remains of the individual known as Ardi, discovered in Ethiopia in 1994, can help paleoanthropologists not only identify steps in the evolution of hominids but also ______ the Pliocene epoch generally, revealing important details about the time in which Ardi lived.

Before the Mariner 2 mission completed a successful flyby of Venus in 1962, astronomers' ideas about the planet were little more than ______ . Venus's atmosphere is so thick that Earth-based observations had yielded very little information about the planet.

Some social scientists argue that while a pluralistic, multiparty system is key to democracy, the public's understanding of economics is also central to its subsequent comprehension of a state's politics, and if an electorate is to function, economic issues cannot remain the dominion only of academics. Economics is too ______ to leave to economists alone.

The work of Tobias Gerstenberg et al. on tracking eye movements supports a theory that people engage in ______ thinking when making causal judgments: when subjects were asked to look at two colliding billiard balls and judge whether one caused or prevented the other's movement through a gate, their eyes looked at where the target ball would have gone if the ball that altered its path did not exist.

The following text is from Sarojini Naidu's 1896 poem “Alabaster.”
Like this alabaster box whose art
Is frail as a cassia-flower, is my heart,
Carven with delicate dreams and wrought
With many a subtle and exquisite thought.

Like all species of baleen whales, the common minke whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the common minke whale small—it can have a mass as high as 4,000 kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the fin whale, which can weigh a whopping 80,000 kg and consume as much as 24,000 kg of krill per day.

In what is now New York State, the Seneca Nation operates the Onohsagwe:de' Cultural Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Seneca history and culture to the tribe's citizens. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa, a tribe in North Dakota, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren't Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

The following text is from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator and two friends are taking a boat down the River Thames in England.
In a boat, I have always noticed that it is the fixed idea of each member of the crew that he is doing everything. Harris's notion was, that it was he alone who had been working, and that both George and I had been imposing upon him. George, on the other hand, ridiculed the idea of Harris's having done anything more than eat and sleep, and had a cast-iron opinion that it was he—George himself—who had done all the labour worth speaking of.

Text 1
A conservation group representing 11 tribal nations in the Great Lakes region reported to various state and federal natural resources agencies operating in the region that the painted turtle (miskwaadesi in the Ojibwe language) will likely fare significantly worse than the white-tailed deer (waawaashkeshi in Ojibwe) due to rising temperatures over the next 50 years. This collaborative approach has helped build trust between government and tribal groups, which will likely improve the quality of any joint conservation projects.

Text 2
State and federal natural resources agencies are increasingly incorporating traditional ecological knowledge from tribal groups in the agencies' plans to address threats to natural resources due to increasing temperatures. This approach has helped build positive relationships between tribal groups and these agencies and furthermore tends to lead to better conservation outcomes.

The following text is adapted from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M.C. McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator is taking a boat down the Seine river from Paris, France, to the surrounding countryside.
I took up a position in the bows [front of the boat], standing up and looking at the quays, the trees, the houses and the bridges disappearing behind us. And suddenly I perceived the great viaduct of Point du Jour which blocked the river. It was the end of Paris, the beginning of country, and behind the double row of arches the Seine, suddenly spreading out as though it had regained space and liberty, became all at once the peaceful river which flows through the plains, alongside the wooded hills, amid the meadows, along the edge of the forests.

Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size; by detecting the vortices, fish can determine the size and position of the obstruction.
Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using models of three head shapes—narrow (low ratio of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length)—showed that for large vortices, fish with intermediate heads would be better able than narrow-headed fish to distinguish between vortices and general turbulence in the water. A second research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility conditions, intermediate-headed fish will be more likely than narrow-headed fish to detect obstructions that create large vortices.

The Reckoning and Resilience (2022) exhibition at Duke University's Nasher Museum of Art in Durham, North Carolina, is dedicated to the work of thirty North Carolina artists, including Juan Logan, Cornell Watson, and Stephen Hayes. Although the Nasher Museum has focused exhibitions entirely on North Carolina artists before, as it did previously in the photography exhibition Across County Lines, the breadth of disciplines in Reckoning and Resilience sets it apart.

Rafael Nunez and colleagues studied how members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, conceptualize time. The researchers recorded Yupno speakers explaining certain temporal words and phrases, such as kalip bishap, a past-oriented expression that translates to “past times.” and coded each speaker's manual gestures. Previous research has found a tendency in many cultures to make temporal distinctions using spatial concepts and gestures, particularly along egocentric axes (i.e., relative to the orientation of the speaker): for instance, Spanish speakers often refer to the left/right axis to describe events in time. In an anthropology paper, a student claims that the tendency toward ego-based conceptualizations of time is universal.

Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addition to English—one can find Ashanti spoken in the neighborhood of Flatbush, for example, or Hasidic Yiddish in Williamsburg. English is the most common, with 65% of New Yorkers speaking it at home; Spanish is second, at 20%. A linguist hypothesizes that a Spanish dialect—a variation differing from the parent language in some of its vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar—has developed in New York City, partly due to its linguistic interaction with English. Previous research shows that younger speakers of nonmajority languages are more likely to borrow words from the majority language of a region than are older speakers. If the linguist's hypothesis is correct, it is therefore likely to be the case that ______

Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many sources, such as Y Gododdin, composed between the 7th and 11th centuries, and the Mabinogion from the 12th and 13th centuries. One of the most significant sources, Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, was written in Latin in the 1130s; some material from it was later adapted by the Norman poet Wace into the Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no source before 1155 includes references to the famous Round Table at which Arthur's knights assembled, both the Roman de Brut and Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-century compilation of Arthurian legends, Le Morte d’Arthur, do. It can therefore be inferred that ______

An analysis by Alain Elayi and colleagues of coins minted in Sidon in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE reveals a change in their composition over time: while a coin from circa 450 BCE contains about 98% silver and 1% copper, a coin from 367 BCE (the end of Ba'alsillem II's reign) contains 74.2% silver and 24.7 % copper, giving it a relatively yellowish appearance that traders would have noticed. Because coins with a silver content below 80% were widely considered unsuitable for trade, Elayi et al. speculate that a crisis in confidence in the currency occurred in Sidon around 367 BCE, which was likely relieved—despite Sidon's persistent oppressive financial obligations—as a result of Ba'alsillem II's successor Abd'astart I's decision to ______

Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, but when it was created in 1900, it was little more than a marketing gimmick; brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin sought to increase profits for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across France, visiting the guide's recommended hotels and restaurants along the way. Nevertheless, the guide soon grew in scope and ______ its modest French eateries were replaced with some of the most esteemed restaurants from around the world, including Atelier Crenn in San Francisco and lida in Kyoto.

Interest in mechanotransduction, the mechanism by which cells sense and convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, is expanding because of innovative work by biomedical scientists—many of whom, like neuroscience and biophysics expert Elba Serrano, ______ this mechanism to better understand how the body's neurological and biomechanical systems interact.

Integrating insights from economics and psychology, researchers in the field of behavioral economics explore a variety of topics. Francesca Gino of Harvard Business School studies worker ______ other researchers investigate areas such as consumer behavior and labor policy.

Pamela Frierson's short essay on “pahoehoe,” a word referring to a form of lava with a smooth or ropy surface, is included in the collection Home Ground: A Guide to the American Landscape. The book wasn't written solely by ______ other authors, such as Arturo Longoria and Barry Lopez, also contributed essays.

Recent pollen analyses of the Aran Islands have led some researchers to propose that the now treeless islands were once wooded. This hypothesis ______ that certain trees, such as P. sylvestris, survived without interruption or human intervention throughout the Holocene cannot stand, researchers Michael O’Connell and Karen Molloy counter, unless other explanations can first be ruled out.

With his room-sized installation Unicorn/My Private Sky, Norwegian artist Borre Saethre succeeds in creating a whimsical yet perplexing experience. ______ when visitors set foot inside the fantastically blue room and encounter the life-sized stuffed unicorn preening at the far end of it, they are both dazzled and confused—as if stepping into a strange and enchanting new world.

Mountain climbing routes that incorporate metal rungs and cables are known as via ferratas, from the Italian phrase for “iron path.” As climbing these routes has shifted from a mode of travel to a sporting activity, modern via ferratas are rarely designed to simply reach a summit. ______ new routes favor recreation over utility, aiming to provide a challenging climb or showcase dramatic scenery.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain genes.
• Genes carry critical instructions for determining an organism's physical traits.
• Members of the same species typically have the same number of chromosomes.
• The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and the edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) are species of frogs.
• The African clawed frog has thirty-six chromosomes.
• The edible frog has twenty-six chromosomes.

• At London and New York Fashion Weeks, fashion designers debut new clothing collections.
• Color consultants create trend reports on the popular colors at a given Fashion Week.
• A report on 2019 New York Fashion Week noted the popularity of a deep brown shade that was warm in tone and rich in intensity.
• A report on 2021 London Fashion Week noted the popularity of a stirring ocean blue shade that was cool in tone and bright in intensity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The fifth Solvay Conference on Physics was held in 1927.
• It brought together twenty-nine of the era's preeminent scientists to discuss the emerging field of quantum theory.
• The conference famously featured a debate between physicists Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.
• Bohr proposed that subatomic entities like electrons had only probable realities until they were observed.
• Einstein argued that subatomic entities like electrons had a reality independent of observation.
• Bohr's position, later called the Copenhagen interpretation, remains the most widely accepted theory of quantum mechanics.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
• The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number of 3.
• The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale number of 5.
• The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.