The following text is adapted from Anton Chekhov's 1904 play The Cherry Orchard (translated by Julius West in 1916).
TROFIMOV: Believe me, Anya, believe me! I'm not thirty yet, I'm young. I'm still a student, but I have undergone a great deal! I'm as hungry as the winter, I'm ill, I'm shaken .... and where haven't I been—fate has tossed me everywhere!

Indigenous Photograph is an organization whose mission is to ensure that images of indigenous peoples in the media are presented from indigenous perspectives. The organization ______ this commitment by promoting the works of artist Geremew Tigabu (Ethiopian, Amhara, and Tigre) and other prominent indigenous photographers who document and reflect Indigenous lives and experiences.

Although fewer companies trade their stocks on the Cambodia Securities Exchange in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, than on the stock exchanges in London, Mumbai, or Tokyo, the Cambodia Securities Exchange has the advantage of being able to ______ relatively small companies in Cambodia: by connecting those companies to investors with expertise about the country's economic conditions, the Cambodia Securities Exchange can help those companies thrive.

The emphasis on accurately representing the experiences of average working people that is characteristic of the realist style can be seen in The Gleaners, painted by Jean-Francois Millet, which depicts peasants picking stray wheat from a field after the harvest. This style can thus be seen as an effort to ______ what were regarded as the excesses of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Horace Vernet, which instead exaggerated their subjects' beauty or heroism while hiding all imperfection.

The swordfish can swim very fast—up to 97 kilometers per hour (km/hr) —but it is significantly slower than the frigatebird, which can fly at speeds up to 153 km/hr. The difference between these speeds is largely ______ of the fact that the features that make flight possible do less to limit top speeds than the features suitable for swimming through water.

President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political scandal, a convoluted tale of criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of associates such as security operative Jack Caulfield and Attorney General John Mitchell. But Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in affirming the sovereignty of tribal nations, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States health care policy that is arguably a precursor to the Affordable Care Act, which became law during the Barack Obama administration.

In what is now Washington State, the Tulalip Tribes operate the Hibulb Cultural Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Tulalip history and culture to the tribes' citizens. The Comanche Nation, a tribe in Oklahoma, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren't Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

The museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City has an exhibition of video games that includes Pac-Man from 1980, which museum visitors can play on site, and SimCity 2000 from 1994, which visitors can see only in a video presentation. MOMA claims the video presentations are only for games that would be impractical to display in a playable form, but video games are an inherently interactive medium, a feature that is grossly absent in a video-only presentation.

In O'odham, an Indigenous language from the Southwest region of what is now the United States, gogs means "a dog", whereas gogogs is used to refer to several dogs. This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element "go" in gogs gets repeated in gogogs. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in O'odham.

Master and Commander, first published in 1969, is a novel in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey Maturin series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of Master and Commander and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. Other critics, however, argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga.

"The monster" is an 1898 story by Stephen Crane. In the story, the character of Jim, a young boy, accidentally damages a peony (a flower) in the yard while his father is tending to the lawn. Crane depicts the dedication and care with which his father typically cares for his lawn, writing, ______

In a college course on urban affairs, a student asserts that increased traffic congestion in the 1990s in the United States was present both in very large cities such as New York City, New York, and smaller areas such as Allentown-Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and Beaumont, Texas; though those smaller areas may have been less affected by traffic congestion than very large cities, this congestion also worsened in them over time.

Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might learn how multicellular organisms developed from single-celled ones if we understand why the single-celled organism Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living relative of animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells. Alegado and colleagues reviewed data from many studies of how S, rosetta responds when exposed to another type of single-celled organism, bacteria, including John P. Bowman's work with Algoriphagus ratkowskyi bacteria and Iftikhar Ahmed's work with Algoriphagus boritolerans bacteria. Alegado and colleagues concluded that both A, ratkowskyi and A, boritolerans might have played a role in the development of multicellular organisms.

Orientation of Paired Leaves in Grapevines and Related Species

Many plants have leaves that are larger on one side of their long central axis than the other, a phenomenon known as asymmetrical orientation. University of California, Berkeley biologist Ciera Martinez and colleagues examined several species of grapevines and closely related plants, which have leaves that grow in pairs, to see if both leaves in a pair tend to be oriented toward the same side (that is. have more tissue on the same side) or not. They found that opposite-side orientations are more common than same-side orientations, though the ratios can vary by species. This variation can be seen in the table, where ratios range from______

Previous research has shown that plant species with a narrow geographical range tend to be more genetically homogeneous than plant species with extensive ranges are. Based on these findings, researchers recently ran simulations to predict how the genetic variation of several species of Mammillaria, a genus of cactus found throughout the Americas, might change in different distribution conditions. One of these species, M. anniana, is found only in the state of Tamaulipas. The researchers simulated what would happen if M. anniana spread to new habitats outside Tamaulipas, and, consistent with previous findings, the results showed that ______

In the periodic table, an element's atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom of that element. For example, there are 25 protons in a manganese atom. Raymond Chang's textbook General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts ______ this concept in detail.

An emulsifier is a type of compound that ______ to stabilize an emulsion—a mixture of two or more liquids that otherwise would not easily blend together. In the cosmetics industry, emulsifiers like cetostearyl alcohol are commonly used to blend oil and water into homogeneous formulations, like lotions and perfumes.

Over the years, dozens of architectural and archaeological sites important to Hawaiian history and culture—such as Grove Farm, Kilauea School, and the Hana Belt Road—have been added to an important ______ Hawai'i Register of Historic Places. New sites are added each year, as decided by a review board of experts including sociologist Alton Okinaka, architect Katle Stephens, and historian Bill Souza.

Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining, but when it was created in 1990, it was little more than a marketing gimmick. Brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin sought to increase profits for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across France, visiting the guide's recommended hotels and ______ as it grew in scope and influence, the guide had its modest French eateries replaced with the best restaurants from around the world, including The Eight in Macau and Sushi Ueda in Nagoya.

In their research, behavioral ______ integrate methods from psychology and economics to analyze how and why people make particular choices and to examine the broader implications of those choices for the economy.

The city of Jinan, China, expanded its rapid transit system, the Jinan Metro, as recently as 2020. ______ the system will likely need to undergo further expansions as the size and needs of the city's population shift.

Theater industry veteran Robert Tang admits that his ambitions weren't very lofty when he created the Asian American Theater Revue, a website that documents information about Asian American theaters like Second Generation Productions in New York City, New York: "Everyone had a site, so I had to have one, too." ______ his site has become an essential resource for industry professionals looking to learn more about Asian American plays, playwrights, theater festivals, and more.

The first documented use of the English word "session" is attributed to poet Geoffrey Chaucer's 1386 work "Canterbury Prologue." However, Chaucer didn't write in Modern English; ______ he wrote in what we now call Middle English, which was commonly used during the period.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Kale is a vegetable that contains ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for humans.
● Blueberries are fruits that contain ascorbic acid.
● There is 120 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid per every 100 grams (g) of kale.
● There is 10 mg of ascorbic acid per every 100g of blueberries.
● Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, so they must get it from foods, including fruits and vegetables.
● Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
● Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
● Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with lager numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
● The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number of 3.
● The mineral apatite has a Mohs scale number of 5.
● The mineral topaz has a Mohs scale number of 8.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Epistolary novels are novels written primarily as a series of fictional documents, typically letters.
● Sometimes, the documents are journal entries, newspaper clippings, and more.
● Julie, or The New Heloise (1761) is an epistolary novel by French author Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
● It consists primarily of letters sent between a man and a woman living in a small French town.
● Absolutely Normal Chaos (1990) is an epistolary novel by American author Sharon Creech.
● It consists primarily of journal entries written by a student during her summer vacation.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
● In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
● Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from nonnative birds.
● Leptecophylla tameiameiae, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued.
● Passiflora suberosa, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine nonnative species catalogued.
● Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of native and non-native plants.

Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Louis VII or Henry V was historically consequential or relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the characteristics without which the monarch would have been forced to ______ the throne.

With his widely celebrated portraits of poet Seamus Heaney, molecular biologist Struther Arnott, and other prominent figures in different fields, British painter Peter Edwards has ______ substantial prestige as an artist.

Though many ______ studies of the effect of altitude on blood chemistry focus on people who live above sea level, researchers Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj recently chose the novel path of focusing on people who live below sea level, in locations such as the California towns of Salton City and Coachella.

The following text is adapted from William Wordsworth's 1798 poem "Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey."
Once again
Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs,
Which on a wild secluded scene impress
Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect
The landscape with the quiet of the sky.

The Caves of Gargas paintings—stencils of human hands found in what is now France and dating from around 27000 years ago—are thought of as art today, but the question of whether the people of the time understood the paintings as something akin to art in our modern sense or in some other way entirely is ______; we will never be able to answer it.

Eden Robinson is a novelist and a member of the Haisla Nation in western Canada. Critics and fellow writers have praised her work for combining traditional Haisla stories with popular genres of literature, such as fantasy and mystery fiction. But Robinson is not the only Indigenous writer to blend traditional stories with popular literature. In the 2019 novel Empire of wild, Cherie Dimaline successfully blended the oral storytelling tradition of her people, the Metis, with horror fiction.

Text 1
Attempts to automate classification of music into genres have not been very successful, and we may be at the limit of what is technologically possible. But it's not clear that this is a worthwhile pursuit in any case—as Jin Ha Lee and Anh Thu Nguyen argue in their study of the South Korean band BTS, relationships between pieces of music may be best understood with concepts other than genre.
Text 2
Tango is a genre of music originally from Argentina and Uruguay that shares some harmonic and rhythmic similarities with the pagode genre. Automated genre classification systems typically struggle to draw distinctions in situations like this, but Yandre Costa and colleagues solved that problem by converting sound to images and having computers compare features of those images, an approach that demonstrates how much innovation is possible in this field.

The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the United States, is visiting his family members in lran.
I dozed and floated on the clouds of Farsi that blew my way from the front seat of Dayi [Uncle] Jamsheed's SUV.
It reminded me of when I was little, and Mom chanted to me in Farsi every night before bedtime. It's hard to describe Farsi chanting: the way Mom drew her voice out like the notes of a cello as she recited poems by Rumi or Hafez. I didn't know what they meant, but that didn't matter. It was quiet and soothing.
©2018 by Adib Khorram

Horses and barn owls can see in three dimensions (3D), which helps them perceive distance and depth. Octopuses and squid are thought to lack 3D vision. Many researchers once thought the same about cuttlefish, but Trevor Wardill and his team wanted to test whether this assumption was true. The team studied how cuttlefish wearing 3D glasses reacted to 3D images of shrimp (a favorite prey) projected on a tank wall. Cuttlefish changed their striking position to match the 3D images, suggesting that their vision is more like that of horses and barn owls than that of octopuses or squid.

Minimum and Maximum Depths of Stony Coral Species in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Waters

The table is from a 2018 study in which Luiz Rocha and colleagues examined the ranges of depths at which certain stony coral species have been found in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific waters. Among the corals in the table, the species with the greatest range between minimum and maximum depths is ______

The Underdogs is a 1915 novel by Mariano Azuela, originally written in Spanish. In the novel, a group of soldiers travel through a canyon, where their collective mood becomes strongly affected by the strenuous conditions of their journey: ______

US Hydroelectric Power Plants, 2019

A run-of-river hydroelectric power plant, as the name suggests, uses the natural flow of a water source to generate electricity but is unable to start or stop that flow through its generators. In contrast, a peaking hydroelectric power plant (used when demand for electricity peaks) controls the flow of water through its generators: starting flow when demand is high enough, stopping it when demand is too low, and otherwise regulating it to keep pace with changing electricity needs. Although peaking plants do not typically operate continuously as run-of-river plants do, peaking plants can generate more megawatt-hours of power per year (MWh/yr) than some run-of-river plants. For example, the ______

The 2000 production of The Green Bird was the first Broadway show for which Constance Hoffman was credited as a costume designer. Hoffman was among the Broadway costume designers interviewed by Sara Jablon-Roberts and Eulanda A Sanders for their study of historical accuracy in costume design for shows with a historical setting. They found that even designers who value historical accuracy will often include contemporary design elements that don't fit with the historical period. In a research paper about theatrical costume design, a student argues that costume designers for modern productions of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (set in ancient Greece) sometimes include such elements unintentionally.

In order to identify research trends, Shirley Ann Williams et al, reviewed a collection of studies of the social media website Twitter, such as the 2011 paper by Celik et al, titled "Learning Semantic Relationships between Entities in Twitter." Williams's team searched for the term "Twitter" on the Scopus and Web of Science databases and found that, though most papers returned by the search did in fact focus on the social media platform, a few discussed unrelated subjects such as sounds made by tractor engines. One reasonable explanation for this result is that it occurred because ______

In a 2012 study in the United States, Michael E. Berndt and Travis K. Bavin found a positive association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water. Many other studies have yielded similar results, suggesting to some scientists that this association is true for all bodies of fresh water. But much of that research has been conducted at broadly similar sites in North America, and when Seam Noh and colleagues examined bodies of fresh water in South Korea, they found a negative association between dissolved organic carbon levels and mercury levels. If similar findings emerge from other locations outside North America, that could suggest that ______

In the thought-provoking 2010 exhibition Relative Pelican at the Stux Gallery in New York, Sokari Douglas Camp presented sculptures that had been ______ welded from recycled metal materials, such as oil drums. In doing so, the London-based Nigerian sculptor challenged viewers to imagine new uses and futures for the material wastes of the past.

In Puerto Rico, it's not unusual for a city or town to be known ______ a nickname that corresponds to one of its notable features, like landscape, climate, famous residents, or chief exports. For example, the Puerto Rican municipality of Hatillo has also been called "the Land of Green Fields," a nickname that alludes to what the area is well known for: the lush greenery that surrounds it.

In 2021, Sarah McAnulty ______ as a biologist at the University of Connecticut, studying squids.

The word "robot" ______ first used in the 1920 play R.U.R. by Czech author Karel Capek.

In the spring of 1964, it was hard to go anywhere without hearing the song "Cotton Candy" by the Sylvers. As of April 11, the song had spent thirteen straight weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and ______ No.1 on the list.

In 2000, the United States Congress designated a portion of Pennsylvania as the Lackawanna Valley National Heritage Area, ______ the region's unique natural, cultural, and historical attributes.

In 1940, scientists first isolated a sample of the steroid hormone androstenone, which they knew existed in animals—and, they assumed, only in animals. ______ scientists know that androstenone can also be found in chokecherry plants (Prunus virginiana), but this discovery didn't occur until decades later.

According to traditional classifications, each of William Shakespeare's plays belongs to one of three distinct genres: comedy, history, or tragedy. The play Much Ado About Nothing (1598-99), ______ is classified as a comedy, whereas Richard II (1595) is classified as a history.

If you were to view the Ol Kokwe volcano in Kenya or the Asavyo volcano in Ethiopia from above, you might notice that their low profiles and gently sloping sides make each of them look a bit like a shield lying flat on the ground. ______ volcanologists classify volcanoes of this type as shield volcanoes.

Though its onboard laboratory allowed it to analyze rock samples on site, the 2011 Mars Curiosity rover was unable to preserve samples for future analysis. ______ when creating the 2020 Mars Perseverance rover, robotics mechanical engineer Arash Kalantari and other members of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory sought to implement a mechanism that could do exactly that.

Though the musical groups Los Palominos and Banda Los Recoditos are often categorized under the catchall "regional Mexican music" label, they each adhere to distinct musical traditions. The former works within the tejano tradition, which originated in mid-twentieth-century Texas and northern Mexico. The latter, ______ follows the banda tradition, with roots in min-nineteenth-century southern and central Mexico.

Water from the aquifers of Alaska's Susitna Glacier travels the 160 km length of the Skwentna River before flowing into the Yentna River and then reaching the mouth of the river system's main stem, the Susitna River. ______ at the Susitna's mouth, hundreds of kilometers from the source, the water empties into the Gulf of Alaska.