The following text is from Jhumpa Lahiri's 2003 novel The Namesake. Gogol, a child, is at a beach in Massachusetts with his father.
He watches his father raise a kite within minutes into the wind, so high that Gogol must tip his head back in order to see, a rippling speck against the sky. The wind whips around their ears, turning their faces cold.
@2003 by Jhumpa Lahiri

Novelist Leon Forrest admired William Faulkner's writing style. Forrest's novel Divine Days contains a long passage in tribute to Faulkner that is a perfect ______ of Faulkner's style: anyone familiar with Faulkner's writing would see the resemblance.

Some robots such as Hadaly-2 (developed in 1997) and NimbRo (developed in 2012) feature humanoid characteristics like the ability to respond to voice commands so that people will find it easier to interact with them. While these features can help to ______ feelings of comfort in people, a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley," meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.

The Nepal Stock Exchange in Kathmandu, Nepal, is a dedicated exchange for investing in companies operating in Nepal, ensuring those companies receive certain regulatory oversight. Knowing this can ______ potential investors’ worries about bureaucratic minutiae and thereby allow them to instead focus on identifying sound business opportunities.

The tendency to group authors together into distinct literary movements often encourages literary scholars to ______ subtleties in an author's style. Those studying the works of Augusto Roa Bastos, for instance, may inadvertently overlook nuances in his work by focusing only on the most obvious ways in which his style corresponds to the Latin American Boom.

The following text is adapted from Louise Erdrich's 2020 novel The Night Watchman. Louis Pipestone is collecting signatures for a petition from fellow members of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa on the tribe's reservation in North Dakota.
Louis Pipestone tended the petition like a garden. He kept it with him at all times. In town, his eyes sharpened when he noticed a tribal member who hadn't yet signed. Wherever they were—at the gas pump, mercantile [general store], at Henry's [Café], on the road, or outside the clinic and hospital—Louis cornered them. If they were waiting for a baby to be born, he'd have them sign. If they were laughing, if they were arguing, if they were taking a child home from school, they signed.
@2020 by Louise Erdrich

In Karuk, an indigenous language from the West Coast of what is now the United States, ihmar means "to run," whereas ihmáraramnih means "to run into." This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element “ar” in ihmar gets repeated in ihmáraramnih. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Karuk.

Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic waste. Areas of the ocean with higher concentrations of microplastic particles also have smaller and fewer waves. A study by Yukun Sun and colleagues found that the concentration of microplastic particles cannot be the only reason for this reduced wave activity because the concentration of particles that would have the observed effect is much higher than that found in these areas of the ocean. However, they found that surfactants, chemicals often used to manufacture plastics, are released into the water from microplastics and have a much stronger wave-reducing effect.

Artificial leaves are a developing renewable energy technology that mimics the process of photosynthesis in plants. These devices are silicon-based solar cells coated in chemical catalysts that activate reactions that split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gas. The technology, while generating lots of interest, is not yet commercially viable as a large-scale energy source. To meet this challenge, scientists from many fields are researching ways to store, transport, and distribute the energy the devices produce while other scientists are working to improve the cost and efficiency of the devices.

A citizen of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe is a student in a geography class. The student wants to compare the total area covered by his tribal nation in South Dakota with the total areas covered by certain tribal nations in other states. Looking at the table, he finds that the area of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe is 4,419 square miles, while the area of the Red Lake Nation in Minnesota is ______

Elisabeth Pötzelsberger and colleagues gathered data on 23 non-native tree species grown in Europe. They analyzed reports from Slovakia, Belgium, and Finland about the number of these species grown in those countries as well as the numbers of insect and fungus species that damage those trees. The researchers concluded that Slovakia reported a greater number of damaging insect species than either of the other countries did.

Esther Sanyé-Mengual, Kathrin Specht, and their team surveyed three groups of people in Bologna, Italy—leaders of urban agriculture projects, stakeholders in urban agriculture (e.g., food researchers and urban farming associations), and the general public—to compare their views about the extent to which urban agriculture contributes to 25 social or ecological services that the team identified. The researchers used these ratings to rank the services for each group, with a ranking of 1 indicating that a group perceives that urban agriculture benefits that service the most. Using only the rankings shown in the table, a city planner in Bologna who is promoting a new urban agriculture project concludes that advertisements aimed at the general public should emphasize the project's benefit to the provision of medicinal plants.

Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which ranged from clicks in Actias luna to whistles in Phyllosphingia dissimilis. Although some insects use sound to communicate with members of the same species, the researchers claim that the caterpillar sounds recorded in their study are directed primarily at predators.

In order to identify research trends, Shirley Ann Williams et al. reviewed a collection of studies of the social media website Twitter, such as the 2010 paper by Arakawa et al. titled "Relationship Analysis between User's Contexts and Real Input Words through Twitter." Williams's team searched for the term "Twitter" on the Scopus and Web of Science databases and found that, though most papers returned by the search did in fact focus on the social media platform, a few discussed unrelated subjects such as sounds made by tractor engines. One reasonable explanation for this result is that it occurred because ______

Albert Gallatin's image was printed on $500 US banknotes in 1862, making the former US secretary of the treasury one of many nonpresidents ______ on US currency.

Many experts, like lawyer and cycling advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez, have proposed bike travel as one possible way to alleviate congestion on the busy roadways of Los Angeles County, California. Indeed, local bicycle paths like the Heartwell Park bicycle ______ have become an increasingly popular means of travel for commuter and recreational trips alike.

Minnesota, ______ 1,700 feet in elevation, reaches its highest point at Eagle Mountain.

While the greater adjutant can be found in places like Stung Kampong Smach in Cambodia and Dong Khanthung in Laos, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr, Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of conservation efforts ______ through community involvement and scientific study, aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

In knot theory (the mathematical study of curved, closed loops), knots are characterized by their crossing numbers--that is, the number of times the knotted thread crosses over itself. The trefoil knot and the figure-eight knot, each with a crossing number below five, ______ among the simplest possible knots with the fewest number of crossings.

At 2,210 years old, Oliveira de Santa Luzia, a European olive tree (Olea europaea) located in Portugal, is one of the oldest known trees in the world. With over two millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single tree like this, claims ______ Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

Because both Kotlin and Pascal are computer programming languages specialized for software development, a layperson may struggle to distinguish between ______ To coders like Black Girls Code founder Kimberly Bryant, however, one difference is clear: Kotlin is object oriented, while Pascal is not.

Space scientist Nathalie Ouellette is excited about the potential of the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Unlike its predecessor, the Hubble Telescope, the JWST is primarily an infrared telescope. Most light from distant galaxies is infrared; ______ the JWST can provide Ouellette and her team much more information about these galaxies than the Hubble could.

During many historic New York City parades, including the 1912 ticker-tape parade for U.S. Olympic champions, the ribbonlike swirls descending on the scene were paper spools from "tickers," telegraph machines that were used to transmit stock prices. ______ the tickers had long since been retired by the time of the parade for the US women's national soccer team in 2015. Then, shredded standard paper enriched the celebration.

• Birds of Northern South America is an identifcation guidebook by ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
• It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in Suriname.
• The sooty-capped hermit is a large hummingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its distinctive facial markings and its long, black, curved bill.
• The blue-tailed emerald is a small hummingbird found in Suriname.
• It is identifiable by its deep blue tail and its short, black, straight bill.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The French Republican calendar replaced the Gregorian calendar in France from 1793 to 1805.
• Both calendars are divided into twelve months.
• The timelines for the months don't match.
• The eighth month of the French Republican calendar, Floréal, begins during April, the fourth month of the Gregorian calendar.
• The eleventh month of the French Republican calendar, Thermidor, begins during July, the seventh month of the Gregorian calendar.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
• The mineral talc has a Mohs scale number of 1.
• The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number of 4.
• The mineral orthoclase has a Mohs scale number of 6.

• Ynés Mexia was a Mexican American botanist.
• Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout the Americas.
• She collected a sample of Senecio erisithalifolius in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on February 7, 1930.
• She collected a sample of Bidens odorata in Nayarit, Mexico, on September 13, 1926.
• These specimens are part of the Asteraceae family.
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

Economist Jingting Fan argues that the effects of international trade may display spatial variation at sub-national levels. For instance, imported goods may reduce expenses for a country's average consumer, but for consumers living far from ports, high intranational transport costs could ______ the price advantages associated with imports.

As discussed by scholar Anna Mladentseva, many artworks produced in the mid-1990s to the early 2000s exclusively for exhibition on the internet, such as Sinae Kim's Genesis (2001), have become inaccessible because viewing them requires the use of ______ software (most notably Adobe Flash, discontinued in 2021).

Proposals to raise the age at which retirees begin receiving government transfers of funds are generally discussed in terms of the effects on transfer recipients, but Andria Smythe has argued that delaying such transfers could ______ wealth creation among working adults by lengthening the period in which they are providing financial support to their nonworking parents.

In the 2010s, the price of vintage G.l. Joe action figures rose dramatically, which had the counterintuitive effect of ______ demand: buyers who hadn't previously wanted to purchase old action figures thronged the market, believing prices would continue to rise and the toys could be resold later at a profit.

In 2012 Göran E Nilsson and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Amphiprion percula, a species of fish. However, Nilsson and colleagues' study relied on a mean sample size of only about 14 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Timothy D, Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of furniture stores, florists, and other businesses found in a given neighborhood. How we define a neighborhood and its boundaries is subjective, so the team used a clustering algorithm to locate dense groupings of amenities that represent human-identified neighborhoods like Boston's Union Square. The predictive model, which incorporates this algorithm, is sure to be invaluable in determining the optimal mix of a city's amenities.

Benjamin Prud'homme and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Armin P. Moczek and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green ll and Cassandra G, Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

The following text is from Lady Gregory's 1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying and selling goods at the local fair.
MRS. TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well, Bartley, you'll find no cause for complaining to-day; they are all saying it was a good fair.
BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a good fair, Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of a fair. If we didn't expect more, we got less. That's the way with me always; whatever I have to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy goes up. If there's ever any misfortune coming to this world, it's on myself it pitches, like a flock of crows on seed potatoes.

Text 1
Scholarship today overrepresents experimentally fragmented narrative structures, such as that of John Dos Passos's Manhattan Transfer, beyond the degree to which they actually influenced fiction in the United States during the modernist period (roughly 1900-1945). Meanwhile, John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men, whose coherent, linear narrative structure recalls the fiction of previous centuries, attracts woefully little attention from scholars of modernism.
Text 2
Distant reading, or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive collections of digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that have heretofore escaped notice, despite being shared by numerous texts from the modernist period. For too long, scholars have focused on narrative fragmentation versus coherence, inhibiting inquiry into other points of stylistic correspondence among works that would enrich our understanding of the modernist canon.

Why do some people with high incomes vote for politicians supporting higher taxes on those with high incomes like themselves? Economists Benjamin Enke et al. propose that values are a luxury good: that is, the higher one's income, the more weight one has the liberty to assign to one's values when voting. Thus, Enke et al. suggest that although the behavior of high-income earners who advocate for higher taxes may seem counterintuitive, such people likely do so because they feel enabled by their economic security to take a stance they think is morally correct.

The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1830 short story "Sir William Phips."
Few of the personages of past times (except such as have gained renown in fireside legends as well as in written history) are anything but mere names to their successors. They seldom stand up in our imaginations like men. The knowledge, communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous to that which we acquire of a country by the map —minute, perhaps, and accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced by landscape painting.

There Is Confusion is a 1924 novel by Jessie Redmon Fauset. In the novel, the narrator portrays the character Joanna as someone who admires ambition in other people to the exclusion of all other qualities: ______

Some toothpastes contain titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs), which can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2015 study, Adeline Bourgeault and colleagues found that TiO₂-NPs can accumulate in the bodies of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently worrisome, it has been hypothesized that TiO₂-NP bioaccumulation in invertebrates like D. polymorpha could serve a valuable proxy role, obviating the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of vertebrate species—such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing—for nanoparticle bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently require.

Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addition to English—one can find Acehnese spoken in the neighborhood of Astoria, or IIocano in Woodside. Many immigrants from north China, where Mandarin is the primary language, reside in the neighborhood of Flushing (part of New York City's borough of Queens) while those who emigrated from south China, where many people speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as a first language, tend to reside in Chinatown, in the borough of Manhattan. Among speakers of Chinese languages, those in Flushing tend to speak Mandarin as their primary language while those in Chinatown tend to speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as their primary language. This is most likely because ______

Quasars—such as 3C 147, located in the Auriga constellation—are extremely luminous galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes. Quasars range in age, with approximately 200 of them known to have developed within the first billion years of the formation of the universe. Astrophysicists have long wondered how any quasars could have formed so early in the universe's evolution given that conditions are believed to have been ill-suited to their creation, which suggests that ______

To combat predation by the big brown bat and other insectivorous bats, many moth species, including Cechetra lineosa, emit ultrasonic pulses that, in some cases, disrupt the echolocation bats rely on for foraging. Some scientists have hypothesized that this capability evolved because it imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative mechanism of producing chemicals that render moths noxious to bats. Pablo Sebastián Padrón et al. investigated the acoustic properties of moths' ultrasonic responses to audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability of the ultrasound-producing moths. They found that several moth genera that emit ultrasonic pulses capable of disrupting bat echolocation are unpalatable to bats, suggesting that ______

Researchers Maureen Mahon and Fernando Orejuela have lent their expertise on Black history and music to an important new ______ Timeline of African American Music, a digital resource that traces the development of individual musical genres (such as swing and bebop) while also revealing the connections between them.

The Austronesian language family includes Gilbertese, Tongan, and some 1,200 other languages throughout the Pacific, making it one of the largest language families in the world and of keen interest to ______ of Leiden University.

Located on the Ilmenau River in Germany, the city of Lüneburg was a member of a powerful mercantile alliance that dominated northern European trade between the 13th and 17th ______ Hanseatic League, a loose confederation of cities from eleven modern-day countries that has been described as a precursor to today's European Union.

Holly Wilson is known for using materials like bronze, silver, and clay to create one-of-a-kind figurines and other sculptures. The acclaimed Delaware/Cherokee artist was awarded a 2015 fellowship by the Eiteljorg Museum, whose extensive collection of artworks by Indigenous peoples of the Americas and other artists of the American West ______ among the best in the world.

Many of the world's most famous animals have lived in the Greater Kruger National Park in South Africa. Between 2006 and 2012, for instance, the ______ prowled the park as part of the dominant Mapogo coalition (band of male lions).

Star actress Kiki Omeili, who has appeared in 47 Nollywood films, is one of numerous luminaries to be pictured in Nigerian portraitist Iké Udé's exhibition Nollywood Portraits. ______ referred to Nollywood—Nigeria's $3 billion film industry—as "Africa's vivid mirror par excellence," honors its legacy with his vivid classical portraits of Omeili and her peers.

Newer offshore wind turbines often outperform older models. For example, Denmark's offshore wind farm, built in 1995, has wind turbines that generate about 1 megawatt (MW) of electricity each. ______ the Netherlands Borssele offshore wind farm, built in 2021, has turbines that can generate about 10 MW of electricity each.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Horridus is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
• The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years ago.
• Horridus is a member of the genus Triceratops.
• Horridus is on display at the Melbourne Museum.
• The Melbourne Museum is in Melbourne, Australia.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• In a 2001 study, Wilby and Brown tested the effect of plant litter on seedling emergence in a grassland setting.
• Plant litter includes dead leaves and other plant material.
• The test site was a flooded grassland in the United Kingdom.
• It was in a temperate midlatitude climate.
• The researchers found that in these environmental conditions the presence of plant litter had a negative effect on seedling emergence.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay) India.
• She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
• She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
• Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Never Trouble Trouble (1931).
• Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Lydia MacMillan in Lydia (1941).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw Tribe.
• He sought to synthesize Western classical music with elements of various Native musical traditions.
• Ballard's composition Mid-winter Fires incorporates a Sioux flageolet, a traditional Native instrument.
• Ethnomusicologist Tara Browner writes that Ballard's classical music "relies on Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms,...and other musical elements."