The following text is adapted from Mary Seacole's 1857 autobiography Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands.
That journey across the Isthmus [of Panama], insignificant in distance as it was, was by no means an easy one. It seemed as if nature had determined to throw every conceivable obstacle in the way of those who should seek to join the two great oceans of the world.

Whether the reign of a French monarch such as Louis XII or Louis IV was historically consequential or relatively uneventful, its trajectory was shaped by questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be understood without a corollary understanding of the factors that allowed the monarch to ______ his right to hold the throne successfully.

Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person, such as Theodore William Richards in 1914. But sometimes the Nobel Committee wants to reward work attributed to two or three individuals, in which case, the award is given ______. For instance, in 2020, Jennifer Doudna was among those awarded for "the development of a method for genome editing."

The following text is adapted from the 1895 poem "Ojistoh" by Emily Pauline Johnson, a Kanienkahagen (Mohawk) writer also known as Tekahionwake.
I am Ojistoh, I am she, the wife
Of him whose name breathes bravery and life
And courage to the tribe who calls him chief.
I am Ojistoh, his white star, and he
Is land, and lake, and sky-and soul to me.

The swordfish can swim very fast—up to 97 kilometers per hour (km/hr)—but it is significantly slower than the golden eagle, which can fly at speeds up to 320 km/hr. The difference between these speeds is largely ______of the fact that the features that make flight possible do less to limit top speeds than the features suitable for swimming through water.

Though John Crowley, author of Engine Summer, is perhaps not as well known as the most commercially successful American writers of the past fifty years, influential figures have championed his work, including the poet James Merrill and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In his afterword to Crowley's book Little, Big, Bloom praises the novel's adroit blend of what playwright Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental modes—while Schiller thought works could be classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or sentimental (seeking to develop ideas), Little, Big demonstrates that a work can be both.

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can allow people to assist with conservation efforts, spark youth interest in science, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how butterfly color relates to flower choice, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.

The following text is adapted from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog).
We [people] are creatures of the sun. We love light and life. That is why we crowd into the towns and cities, and the country grows more and more deserted every year. In the sunlight-in the daytime, when Nature is alive and busy all around us, we like the open hill-sides and the deep woods well enough: but in the night, when our Mother Earth has gone to sleep, and left us waking, oh! the world seems so lonesome, and we get frightened, like children in a silent house. Then we sit and sob, and long for the gas-lit streets, and the sound of human voices, and the answering throb of human life.

"Tomato" is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from tomate, the Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word's original form is tomatl. "Maize" is also Indigenous in origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Taino, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the word for the corn plant is mahis.

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Panama City, Panama, and Fortaleza, Brazil, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 318 respondents from Panama City, 53.5% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 938 respondents from Fortaleza, 35.7% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Panama City respondents who reported having access to other desired amenities near parks was much lower than that reported by Fortaleza respondents, the difference in park use can't be explained by Panama City residents having more access to desired nonpark amenities near parks.

In an extensive review of existing literature, Léna de Framond and team cataloged the prevalence of broken-wing display—a defensive behavior observed in Haematopus longirostris (pied oystercatcher) and many other species—throughout the Aves class. Documentation of the display in 285 species across 52 families suggests the behavior likely evolved independently multiple times, prompting the team to consider ecological and life-history characteristics with hypothesized associations to the behavior's emergence, including traits related to reproduction investment and future reproduction potential. Based on their review of those traits, the team concluded that ______

Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size; by detecting the vortices, fish can determine the size and position of the obstruction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using models of three head shapes—narrow (low ratio of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length)—showed that for medium-sized vortices, fish with wide heads would be least able to distinguish between vortices and general turbulence in the water. A second research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility conditions, wider-headed fish will be less likely than narrower-headed fish to detect obstructions.

Cane is a 1923 novel by Jean Toomer. In one portion of the novel, Toomer establishes a contrast between the narrator's attitude toward life and the attitude of the narrator's love interest, Avey, writing, ______

Honeybee hives consist mainly of hexagonal (six-sided) units called cells, in which queens lay eggs. Hexagonal cells for eggs that develop into nonreproductive workers are smaller than those for eggs that develop into reproductive drones, though the size difference varies by species. Difference in cell size results in a construction problem—it's hard to neatly connect sections of small cells to sections of large cells—that worsens as the difference increases. To fill in gaps between the sections when building a hive, bees rely on cells that have more or fewer than six sides. A student studying beehive structure consults data on three species, concluding that ______

Pigments give paints and dyes their color: Ocher is a mineral-based pigment used to make several colors, including red. Red ocher gets its color from iron oxide. Pigments can also be plant-based; plant-based pigments contain a high level of carbon. In a 2023 study, archaeologists tested the red pigment on decorated beads made by members of the Natufian culture approximately 15,000 years ago. The test showed that the pigment found on several beads contained no iron but had a high level of carbon. This finding led the researchers to conclude that ______

Works by Rafael Soriano and Rupert García were featured in the Smithsonian American Art Museum's exhibition Our America: The Latino Presence in American Art. This 2013 exhibition celebrated the diverse achievements ______ artists of Latin American descent.

On December 2, 1992, the space shuttle Discovery blasted off into space, commencing Mission ______ seven days and seven hours, the mission ended when the shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

Trade was vital to the Srivijaya Empire, which reigned in Southeast Asia from around 600 CE to 1200 CE. Its people ______ tin, medicines, and wood to sell to neighboring societies. In exchange, they received valuable items, such as spices, silk, and porcelain.

The Globe Theatre in London is a reconstruction of the famed venue where many of Shakespeare's plays were first performed. In 1613, a prop cannon ______ during a performance and ignited the Globe's thatched roof. No one was hurt, but in two hours the original Globe was gone.

Chondrites are stony meteorites that are undifferentiated—that is, their contents have not melted and separated into distinct layers. They are hardly ______ many chondrites experience aqueous alteration as a result of exposure to fluids, as well as fracturing, veining, and localized melting due to collisions with other objects.

As a leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association in the late 1800s, Ann Quinby of ______ an important role in the campaign to secure voting rights for US women.

Famous for its four-degree tilt, the leaning Garisenda Tower is a popular attraction in Bologna's city center: However, measurements taken in 2023 showed that the tower was rotating in a concerning way. ______city officials closed the area around the tower so experts could explore solutions to stabilize the historical twelfth-century structure.

When languages are no longer spoken, they are considered extinct. ______the Umbrian language went extinct around the first century BCE, though it was once widely spoken in parts of central Italy.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Alfajayucan is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
• One service they provide is water treatment.
• Alfajayucan's population was 19,162 in 2020.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at science museums all over the world.
• Many dinosaur fossil specimens are given nicknames.
• The Great Plains Dinosaur Museum and Field Station in Malta, Montana, houses a dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed Roberta.
• Roberta lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65 million years ago.
• It is a member of the genus Brachylophosaurus.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given for "major contributions of lasting importance to computing."
• Manuel Blum won the award in 1995 for contributions to the foundations of computational complexity theory.
• Raj Reddy won the award in 1994 for pioneering the development of large scale artificial intelligence systems.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Lighthouses send out crucial light signals to help ships and other watercraft navigate at night.
• Before automation, lighthouses were run by lighthouse keepers.
• Catherine A. Moore was the lighthouse keeper at Black Rock Harbor Light in Connecticut.
• She held this position from 1817 to 1878.
• Laura J. Hecox was the lighthouse keeper at Santa Cruz Light in California.
• She held this position from 1883 to 1917.

Despite stated claims of global relevance, much major research on income inequality performed in the 2010s suffered from a myopic focus on a few countries in North America and Western Europe, partly due to limited data availability. Researchers would later ______ this shortcoming after gaining new access to banking records located in nations in Asia, such as China, and Eastern Europe, such as Hungary.

One popular theory of the origin of the Moon, the "big whack," posits that a protoplanet called Theia collided with Earth, flinging debris into orbit that eventually coalesced into the Moon. Until recently, Theia was ______, but researcher Qian Yuan and colleagues now claim to have identified pieces of the protoplanet in the lowermost section of Earth's mantle.

Political blogs with conspicuous ideological alignments became an integral component of US media in the early 2000s. While some commentators lauded this development, asserting that such blogs had a welcome transparency missing from traditional news, less ______ observers countered that such blogs tended to ideological extremes that exacerbated political polarization to problematic levels.

During Rome's republican period, which ended in the first century BCE, libraries were predominantly owned by wealthy individuals who tightly controlled access to their book collections. The first public library became available in Rome in 28 BCE and was soon followed by one commissioned by Emperor Augustus. As modern scholar Fabio Fernandes notes, however, these two traditions aren't as distinct as they seem, as both the emperor and the private library owners viewed their libraries as extensions of their personal patronage, just on vastly differing scales.

The following text is from George Marion McClellan's 1895 poem "Eternity."
My spirit swoons, and all my senses cry
For Ocean's breast and covering of the sky.
Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound,
Just let me drift far out from toil and care,
Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound,
Which mingled with the winds that gently bear
Me on between a peaceful sea and sky,
To make my soothing slumberous lullaby.

Text 1
In parts of the Northwest Territories, Canada, the rough-legged hawk is a major predator of the collared lemming. Researcher Alice Kenney and colleagues found that when this predation pressure on collared lemmings was temporarily reduced, their numbers significantly increased. This finding illustrates a foundational ecological principle: predators control prey population numbers.

Text 2
Robert D. Hayes and colleagues found that excluding wolves from a site in Yukon, Canada, where they typically prey on Dall sheep had no significant effect on Dall sheep abundance. Many other predation relief studies show an increase in prey abundance, but those studies often focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey, like birds, lemmings, and rabbits, rather than large, slowly reproducing prey, like Dall sheep, which could account for the difference between those results and Hayes and colleagues' results.

Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, conform to the model perfected by American musician Laura Les: bold synthesizer arrangements, propulsive beats, and electronically manipulated vocals. Yet the movement is hardly uniform: Venezuelan recording artist Arca incorporates Latin rhythms into the hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is encouraged in part by the music-streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety.

Eighteenth-century economist Adam Smith is famed for his metaphor of the invisible hand, which he putatively used to illustrate a robust model of how individuals produce aggregate benefits by pursuing their own economic interests. Note "putatively": as Gavin Kennedy has shown, Smith deploys this metaphor only once in his economic writings—to make a narrow point about the then-dominant economic theory of mercantilism—and it was largely ignored until some twentieth-century economists eager to secure an intellectual pedigree for their views elevated it to a fully-fledged paradigm.

Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and Frances Harriet Whipple Green. In the book, the authors describe how restorative sleep can be for young people, writing, ______

Early Earth is thought to have been characterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime, in which the upper lithosphere (the outer rocky layer) was essentially immobile and there was no interaction between the lithosphere and the underlying mantle. Researchers investigated the timing of the transition from a stagnant lid regime to a tectonic plate regime, in which the lithosphere is fractured into dynamic plates that in turn allow lithospheric and mantle material to mix. Examining chemical data from lithospheric and mantle-derived rocks ranging from 285 million to 3.8 billion years old, the researchers dated the transition to 3.2 billion years ago.

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P6 gave equal ratings to the abstract and cubist paintings, the data in the graph indicate the model predicted that ______

Scholars are increasingly exploring the communication and preservation of ecological knowledge through Indigenous songs (e.g., Kazakh songs about water and foraging quality and those of the O'odham people about desert plants). In one study, ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. received insight from Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, into songs referencing the people's use of terraced gardens in intertidal zones along the Pacific Northwest coast for the cultivation of clams for consumption. Archaeological evidence of significant increases in clam size and abundance in that area concurrent with the documented past implementation of the method described in the songs supports the conclusion that ______

For its 1974 work Instant Mural, the Chicano art collective Asco taped members Patssi Valdez and Humberto Sandoval to an outdoor wall in East Los Angeles. The work is manifestly a commentary on constraint, but many critics focus on Valdez and the social constraints women faced at the time, which is understandable but leaves the presence of Valdez's male collaborator Sandoval unexplained. We should instead consider that in 1974, the art establishment's recognition of Chicano artists was (and had long been) restricted to sociohistorical muralists, leaving nonmuralist Chicano artists—like Asco's members—struggling to even exhibit their work; attending to this context opens an interpretation that accounts for all the evidence, allowing us to conclude that ______

Despite the fact that what is now known as the Cassegrain reflector was first constructed by Bonaventura Cavalieri, the telescope is named after the seventeenth-century French astronomer Laurent Cassegrain. One might assume cases like this, where a discovery or concept is not named after the first person who discovered it, to be ______ they are counted among a litany of examples of Stigler's law.

Included in Black Refractions: Highlights from The Studio Museum in Harlem, a 2019 group exhibition at the Museum of the African Diaspora in San Francisco, California, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artworks that juxtapose images of African American women with text fragments. Her work challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and ______ she is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual photographic art.

Moussa Ould Ebnou is a novelist from Boutilimit, Mauritania, who has earned international acclaim in recent years. Writers of other literary forms, such as poetry and drama, are less likely to be recognized beyond their nations' borders, but many are still well ______ Koulsy Lamko, for example, is a celebrated playwright from Chad.

Recent analysis of 2010 BL4—an outer solar system object orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune—has determined its color to be gray, suggesting an icy composition. Such interpretations are ultimately ______ the object's gray coloration may be an incidental effect of radiation, solar wind, or collisions with other objects rather than evidence of its physical makeup.

In the list "Splendid Things" from Sei Shönagon's Pillow Book, the author delights in grape-colored fabric, wisteria vines around a tree, and a snow-covered garden. So shrewd an observer is Shonagon, a lady in-waiting to Empress Teishi, that her book's musings on tenth-century Japanese courtly life ______ readers a thousand years later.

The present-day city of Dushanbe, Tajikistan, was the capital of the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, one of many nominally autonomous republics within the Soviet Union. Each of these republics ______ established along ethnolinguistic lines: most residents of the Tajik Republic spoke Persian, for example.

When, in 2017, Cambridge University students Lucy Moss and Toby Marlow decided they wanted to develop a musical together, one of their goals was for their female actor friends to have good parts to play. ______ they created the show Six, a retelling of the history of King Henry VIII's wives in which each of the six queens has a starring role.

The prime meridian, the global indicator of zero degrees longitude established in 1884, was originally determined using astronomically derived coordinates. ______ as decades passed, new calculations would reveal increasingly precise coordinates, yet the prime meridian remained unchanged; it wasn't until the 1980s that, spurred by improved geodetic data, the prime meridian was officially moved-roughly one hundred meters east.

• Minor planets are astronomical objects that orbit the Sun but are neither planets nor comets.
• Astronomer Jane Luu has discovered many minor planets in her career.
• Alongside colleagues David C. Jewitt and Chadwick Trujillo, she discovered the minor planet (19308) 1996 T066 on October 12, 1996.
• Alongside colleagues David C. Jewitt, Chadwick Trujillo, and David J. Tholen, she discovered the minor planet (24978) 1998 HJ151 on April 28, 1998.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Samoil M. Bilenky is a Russian particle physicist.
• Particle physicists study subatomic particles.
• Neutrinos are some of the least understood subatomic particles.
• Neutrinos were first discovered in the mid-twentieth century.
• Bilenky is known for his research on neutrino oscillations.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth's continents.
• Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.
• This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.
• Ur was a supercontinent that formed about 3.1 billion years ago.
• Columbia was a supercontinent that formed about 1.8 billion years ago.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Catharsis, Conversion, Traumata is a 1986 sculpture by American artist Joseph Kosuth.
• It consists of a blue neon sign that spells out the title phrase.
• Harvest Moon is a 2013 sculpture by British/Pakistani artist Shezad Dawood.
• It consists of a yellow neon sign that forms an abstract moon shape.
• Neon signs became popular with advertisers in the 1920s and began to decline in popularity in the 1960s.
• Neon signs became popular with artists in the 1960s and continue to be popular today.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Pattern analysis and contextual analysis are two approaches to art criticism.
• Pattern analysis examines the repetition of visual elements in an artwork.
• Such an analysis of Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup Cans might consider how the painting's repetition of images of soup cans emphasizes the excesses of consumer culture.
• Contextual analysis considers the historical and cultural contexts of an artwork's time.
• Such an analysis of Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon might consider how the painting's portrayal of fragmented human figures challenged conventions of beauty during a time of cultural upheaval (early twentieth century).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A river's stream length is the length of a line that follows along the river path.
• A river's valley length is the length of a straight line drawn from the beginning of the river to the end.
• The river's curviness, or sinuosity, is the ratio of the river's stream length to its valley length.
• Low-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1-1.5 times longer than their valley length, and high-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1.5 or more times longer than their valley length.
• The Embarras River in Canada has high sinuosity.
• The Luni River in India has low sinuosity.