Though most hoaxes perpetrated as jokes by mischievous users of Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that almost anyone can freely edit, have quickly been detected and removed, a few entries that knowledgeable readers should have realized were ______, such as those for the American new wave band Transformatix and the 19th-century German poet Emilia Dering, persisted on the site for many years before they were finally recognized as falsehoods and deleted.

The Fly River delta in Papua New Guinea is where the river flows into the Gulf of Papua. As the river reaches the gulf, it forms smaller channels where sediments carried by the river are deposited and form many deltaic lobes, or wetland formations. The shape and size of the delta are ______ by the gulf's tides, which shift sediments along the coast and reshape the deltaic lobes over time.

The Song of the Lark, painted in the realist style by Jules Breton, depicts a barefoot peasant woman pausing in the fields at sunset. The realists' emphasis on accurately portraying the experiences of average working people was largely a rejection of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Charles Gleyre, which instead ______ their subjects' beauty or heroism while hiding all imperfection.

The following text is adapted from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. Katharine is the granddaughter of a celebrated poet.
[Katharine's] descent from [a celebrated poet] was no surprise to her, but matter for satisfaction, until, as the years wore on, certain drawbacks made themselves very manifest. Perhaps it is a little depressing to inherit not lands but an example of intellectual virtue; perhaps the conclusiveness of a great ancestor is a little discouraging to those who run the risk of comparison with him.

The decline of the California tapir, a species found throughout Western North America before it became extinct around 11,000 BCE, surely had a number of ______ the larger ecosystem in which it existed. The California tapir was part of a complex food web with other organisms, and its disappearance likely affected several other species.

Why do ocelots purr but lions roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats called the hyoid. Ocelots, which are much smaller than lions, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, lions have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that ocelots lack. These traits allow lions and most other species of big cats to produce powerful roars. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of businesses and places of interest found in a given neighborhood. The team used data from the Google Places API service to help identify gas stations, bicycle stores, and other businesses and map their locations. This approach has some limits—data from Places API tend to be restricted to places that are customer facing—but the data set nonetheless provides an extremely reliable source to study colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.

The following text is from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator and two friends are taking a boat down the River Thames in England.
In a boat, I have always noticed that it is the fixed idea of each member of the crew that he is doing everything. Harris's notion was, that it was he alone who had been working, and that both George and I had been imposing upon him. George, on the other hand, ridiculed the idea of Harris's having done anything more than eat and sleep, and had a cast-iron opinion that it was he—George himself—who had done all the labour worth speaking of.

In the 1960s, Gloria Richardson led a movement to promote racial equality. Her involvement in this effort was inspired by her daughter, Donna Richardson. In 1961, Donna joined protests organized by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Cambridge, Maryland. Following her daughter, Gloria joined these protests too. Gloria soon became the cochair of the Cambridge Nonviolent Action Committee. She was also the leader of what became known as the Cambridge movement.

In Muscogee, an Indigenous language from the southeastern region of what is now the United States, hátki means “white,” whereas háthakí is used to refer to two or more white things. This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element “há” in hátki gets repeated in háthakí. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Muscogee.

The following text is adapted from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M.C. McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator is taking a boat down the Seine river from Paris, France, to the surrounding countryside.
I took up a position in the bows [front of the boat], standing up and looking at the quays, the trees, the houses and the bridges disappearing behind us. And suddenly I perceived the great viaduct of Point du Jour which blocked the river. It was the end of Paris, the beginning of the country, and behind the double row of arches the Seine, suddenly spreading out as though it had regained space and liberty, became all at once the peaceful river which flows through the plains, alongside the wooded hills, amid the meadows, along the edge of the forests.

“The Mountain” is a 1914 poem by Robert Frost. In the poem, the speaker visits a town next to a mountain. The speaker claims to feel protected by the mountain, saying ______

There are nineteen Pueblo tribal nations in New Mexico. A student in a geography class is a citizen of the Pueblo of Jemez in the northern part of the state. The student wants to compare the total area covered by the Pueblo of Jemez with the total areas of various other Pueblo nations in the state. Looking at the table, the student finds that the total area of the Pueblo of Jemez is 139.7 square miles, while the total area of the Pueblo of Tesuque is ______

Alessandro Nai et al. presented study participants with vignettes about fictive political candidates, portraying them as embodying a personality trait widely considered admirable (e.g., agreeableness) or one considered ignoble (e.g., cynicism). A survey recorded participants’ ratings of the candidates' likability and showed that across participants, ignoble-trait candidates were less likable than admirable-trait candidates. However, when the researchers factored in the participants' own personality-trait scores, on a scale of 1 (least ignoble) to 7 (most ignoble), they concluded that this relative ranking of candidates persisted except among the participants with high ignobility scores.

Quasars—such as QSO J0005-0006, located in the Pisces constellation—are extremely luminous galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes. Quasars range in age, with approximately 200 of them known to have developed within the first billion years of the formation of the universe. Scientific researchers have long wondered how any quasars could have formed so early in the universe's evolution given that conditions are believed to have been ill-suited to their creation, which suggests that ______

Zydeco music originated in the French Creole community of southwest Louisiana. One instrument that gives zydeco its unique sound is the vest frottoir. The vest frottoir ______ a wearable washboard that is played by rubbing spoons or bottle openers against it.

The human calf contains a variety of skeletal muscles, each playing an important role in the calf’s healthy movement. The gastrocnemius, which is attached to the femur, ______ responsibility for flexing the ankle.

Water boils at 212°F at around sea level, but in Riverton, Wyoming (elevation: 4,951 feet above sea level), it boils at around ______ food writer J. Kenji López-Alt points out, lower boiling points at higher elevations “can wreak all sorts of havoc on recipes.”

The allocation of a new country dialing prefix (+420) to route incoming international calls ______ among the infrastructural changes necessitated by the Czech Republic's 1992 split from Czechoslovakia.

A lady-in-waiting's account of Japanese courtly life in the tenth century, Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book is filled with daily observations and musings. Some of these appear as ______ “Things That Arouse a Fond Memory of the Past,” Shonagon catalogs her appreciation for pressed silk, a moonlit night, and dried hollyhock.

In certain genetic inheritance patterns, inherited traits can skip a generation in a family tree. ______ it is entirely possible for an individual to share a trait, such as black hair, with a grandparent but not with either biological parent.

Cornelia Konrads is a German sculptor who creates art that seems to be part of its surroundings. Her sculpture entitled zone is built in a small forest next to an exhibition space in Germany. ______ appearing as illuminated windowpanes sitting on the forest floor, it is cleverly placed into its environment, serving as an example of Konrads's approach.

When ordering the branches of the Susitna River system by Hack's method, one begins with the riverway's lowest point, the Susitna River. ______ when using Strahler's method, one begins at the top of the river system, with the Skwentna River and other tributaries fed by the riverway's source, Alaska's Susitna Glacier.

Scientists studying asteroid deflection have focused on secondary objects such as S/2003 (162000), a moonlet orbiting the near-Earth asteroid 1990 OS. In 2022 NASA intentionally crashed a probe into just such an object, successfully altering its orbit. Scientists have yet to demonstrate, ______ that 1990 OS and other primary objects would be similarly affected.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Wankel Rex is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
• The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years ago.
• Wankel Rex is a member of the genus Tyrannosaurus.
• Wankel Rex is housed at the National Museum of Natural History.
• The National Museum of Natural History is in Washington, DC.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is a protected natural area in Oregon.
• It encompasses 457 acres.
• It was established to safeguard the habitat of the Aleutian Canada goose, an endangered species.
• There are restrictions on human activities in the Nestucca Bay NWR.
• The Nestucca Bay NWR is managed by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Bike-share programs provide bicycles for shared use.
• In docked bike sharing, riders rent a bike and return it to designated docking stations.
• Docked programs are orderly and offer consistency to riders but require significant space and money to implement.
• In dockless bike sharing, riders locate a bike and leave it wherever they choose.
• Dockless programs are relatively simple and inexpensive to implement and offer flexibility to riders.
• Dockless programs can be disorganized.

Although Hawaiian literature is highly heterogeneous in many ways, it is also characterized by considerable thematic ______: scholars have drawn connections linking works by writers such as Mary Kawena Pukui and Gary Pak to the traditional stories of the Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people.

The following text is from Georgia Douglas Johnson's 1918 poem “Peace.”
I rest me deep within the wood,
Drawn by its silent call,
Far from the throbbing crowd of men,
On nature's breast I fall.

The following text is from a 1955 translation of Samuel Beckett's 1951 novel Molloy (translated by the author and Patrick Bowles). In the text, Molloy has arrived at the town ramparts, an elevated walkway atop the city walls.
And having cleared the ramparts I had to confess the sky was clearing, prior to its winding in the other shroud, night. Yes, the great cloud was ravelling, discovering here and there a pale and dying sky, and the sun, already down, was manifest in the livid tongues of fire darting towards the zenith, falling and darting again, ever more pale and languid, and doomed no sooner lit to be extinguished.
©1955 by Grove Press, Inc.

When minor planets are discovered, each is given a unique identification number, and some may be given a unique name, as in the case of 1083 Salvia, which was named after the plant genus that includes sages. Under current astronomical conventions, it is ______ for the discoverers to name their discoveries, but they are not required to do so; whether to assign a minor planet a name is entirely the choice of whoever discovers it.

The following text is from José Rizal's 1891 novel The Reign of Greed (translated by Charles Derbyshire in 1912).
A lady accompanied by her husband entered at that moment and took her place in one of the two vacant boxes. She had the air of a queen and gazed disdainfully at the whole house, as if to say, “I've come later than all of you, you crowd of upstarts and provincials, I've come later than you!” There are persons who go to the theater like the contestants in a mule-race: the last one in, wins, and we know very sensible men who would ascend the scaffold rather than enter a theater before the first act.

Master and Commander, first published in 1969, is a novel in Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty books plus an unfinished fragment of a twenty-first. Like the rest of the books in the series, Master and Commander has a rather abrupt ending, but the following book, Post Captain, picks up neatly where Master and Commander leaves off. Thus, the sudden ending is only an issue if one considers the books as independent texts—the Aubrey/Maturin series is best thought of as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy's The Forsyte Saga.

Mexican architect Luis Barragán's prolific career, which spanned the 1920s to the 1980s, evolved through distinct phases. As epitomized by the Aguilar House in Guadalajara, many of Barragán's first projects integrated traditional Mexican building techniques into Mediterranean designs. Extensive travels abroad later sparked an engagement with modernist and functionalist aesthetics—styles whose emphasis on utility and whose repudiation of traditional architecture's more ornamental elements are readily apparent in Barragán's house in Calle Guadiana.

Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana weaves stories of triumph, using her unique method of applying colorful yarn to photographs of people. In some works, Villasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons who are people of color, as she does in her depiction of artist Frida Kahlo. However, in other works, Villasana honors ordinary people, as she does in her captivating portrayal of a young girl sitting on a sidewalk, Villasana sees both of these approaches as ways of depicting the power and interconnectedness of all people.

Why do black-footed cats purr but leopards roar? Researchers hypothesize that this difference between the two feline species may be partly due to a U-shaped bone in their throats called the hyoid. Black-footed cats, which are much smaller than leopards, have a rigid hyoid that rumbles when the cat's larynx vibrates, resulting in a purr. By contrast, leopards have a somewhat flexible hyoid, and the bone is attached to the skull with a stretchy ligament that black-footed cats lack. These traits allow leopards and most other species of big cats to produce powerful roars. The same traits may also prevent most big cats from purring.

In their meta-analysis of research on advergames (video games developed to promote products or services), Zeph M.C. van Berlo et al. confirm that such games, though they can elicit player interest, may not facilitate subsequent recall of product and brand information. This phenomenon can be explained by the finite nature of cognitive capacity as it is articulated in Annie Lang's limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing. In this case, players’ cognitive resources are directed foremost toward the advergame's mechanics, leaving little or no capacity for encoding and storing the information the advertiser intends to be salient.

A student is writing a research paper on the global rise of the home video game industry during the 1970s and 1980s. The student wants to know the approximate number of units sold worldwide of the MSX, manufactured by ASCII Corp. The student finds that the number sold was approximately ______

A student is researching copper mining. The student learns that the total amount of copper mined worldwide increased from 10.00 million metric tons in 1995 to 20.60 million metric tons in 2020. Considering a table with information about four countries, the student notes that the global increase in mined copper occurred even though ______

The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in New York City in the 1870s. In the novel, Newland Archer arrives late to an opera performance, which the narrator attributes to Newland's enjoyment of anticipation: ______

Cardiff, Wales, has installed engineered structures—mainly breakwalls—along 87% of its shoreline to protect infrastructure from storm surges and other hazards, a practice known as shoreline hardening. Investigating the impact of such structures on waterbird communities at various sites in the Chesapeake Bay on the US East Coast, Diann Prosser et al. hypothesized that shoreline hardening more negatively affects waterbirds than does land development for uses such as housing or agriculture. To evaluate the responses of local waterbird species, including the osprey, to landscape alterations, the researchers utilized the Index of Waterbird Community Integrity (IWCI), on which a low score corresponds to low community integrity.

All stainless steel contains varying amounts of iron, carbon, and corrosion-inhibiting chromium. However, ferritic stainless steel, often used for cooking utensils, contains a higher percentage of chromium (at least 10.5%) than does austenitic stainless steel and a higher concentration of iron, which is responsible for its magnetic properties. Unlike ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel has a face-centered cubic crystalline structure resulting from the addition of nickel to the alloy. Austenitic stainless steel has two subtypes: the 200 series, often used for washing machines, and the 300 series, which has more nickel than the 200 series and is often used for mining and chemical equipment or compensators. Thus, stainless steel used to manufacture ______

In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle paths like the Rio Hondo bicycle path—which is about 15.6 miles long—have become an increasingly popular means of travel for commuter and recreational trips alike. Moreover, Ernesto ______ has identified bike travel as one possible way to alleviate vehicle congestion, citing the bike friendliness of the area's temperate climate and mostly flat roads.

Bear River High School and Bryce Valley High School are two of several Utah ______ enormous geoglyph of the letters BR overlooks Bear River High, while a geoglyph of the letters BV overlooks Bryce Valley High.

With one in Finland and another in Australia, the observatory sites that form the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network—or SuperDARN, as space physicists like Mark Lester call it—number nearly five ______ across the globe, the radars track ionospheric irregularities and other geospace phenomena.

“Analyst,” like other dactyls that pair exclusively with one other word (e.g., “fortify” and “mortify”), ______ with “panelist” to form a closed rhyming pair.

As disparate as their works may seem, commonalities exist between Antonello da Messina, Italian Renaissance painter of the Venetian ______ Flemish mannerist painter of the Antwerp School; and Jose Guerrero, American abstract painter of the New York School.

Helical ______ widely understood to confer stability and efficiency in the locomotion of a variety of microscopic organisms—including bacteria, eukaryotic algae, and ciliates—bestows similar advantages, albeit via different propulsive modes, to larger oceanic macroplanktons, such as salps.

In 1965, Morrie Turner's comic strip Wee Pals became the first serial comic by a Black cartoonist to be syndicated, appearing in papers nationwide. ______ many other strips by Black cartoonists were syndicated, including Charles Boyce's Compu-Toon in 1994 and Aaron McGruder's The Boondocks in 1996.

The star Wezen is unvaryingly bright, consistently ranking as one of the brightest stars in the sky (Wezen ranked 36th on a recent list). By contrast, the brightness of the red giant Betelgeuse varies considerably. Indeed, between April and June 2023, Betelgeuse became an astonishing 40% brighter; ______ its ranking rose from 10th to 7th.

Generally, sleek vehicles are more aerodynamic than bulkier ones. The streamlined nose of the F-4 Phantom Ⅱ jet, ______ helps it glide through wind with relative ease, while a boxy semitruck encounters more wind resistance, making it less aerodynamic.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The false killer whale is a mammal species.
• It was believed to be extinct until a living false killer whale was identified in Denmark in 1861.
• The Banggai crow is a bird species.
• It was believed to be extinct until a living Banggai crow was identified in Indonesia in 2007.
• They are considered Lazarus species.
• “Lazarus species” is a term for living species of organisms that were once believed to be extinct.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• Painter John Lavery of Ireland won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1896.
• Lavery's winning artwork was a painting entitled Lady in Brown.
• Sculptor Alexander Calder of the US won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1958.
• Calder's winning artwork was a sculpture entitled Mobile: Pittsburgh.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Freezers and other cooling technologies use chemical compounds called refrigerants to absorb heat and release cold air.
• When a refrigerant absorbs heat, it undergoes vaporization, changing from a liquid to a gas.
• When it cools, it undergoes condensation, changing from a gas to a liquid.
• The refrigerant fluoromethane is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC).
• HFCs are composed of the elements hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon.