The following text is from Mark Oshiro's 2018 novel Anger Is a Gift. In the novel, Moss and his friends are on a subway train in Northern California.
Lights from the outside world then filled the train car as it rose out of the ground and climbed the elevated track. As long as Moss had lived in West Oakland, he's never tired of this specific view, so he pointed toward the windows."Check it,"he said, and the Port of Oakland began to pass by them.

The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1925 short story "Fog.”
The fog extended its tentacles over city and river, gradually obliterating traces of familiar landscapes.At five-thirty the old Panhandle bridge, supported by massive sandstone pillars, stalwart, as when erected fifty years before to serve a generation now passed behind the portals of life, had become a spectral outline against the sky.

Although the government of the Soviet Union attempted to______Georgi Vladimov's novel Faithful Ruslan, copies of the book circulated in secret among readers in several parts of the country.

Although the clustering of information technology firms in Northern California is often cited as typical of industrial agglomeration, Giulia Faggio et al. use UK data to show that the mix of factors driving the phenomenon is ______ across industries: while the potential for knowledge spillovers can prompt agglomeration, collocation among tube manufacturers occurs for different reasons.

The following text is from Anne Spencer's 1922 poem“Translation.”
We trekked into a far country,
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken,
But each knew all the other said.
He told me how calm his soul was laid
By the lack of anvil and strife.
“The wooing kestrel," I said, "mutes his mating-note
To please the harmony of this sweet silence.”"

The 2021 novel My Heart Is a Chainsaw confirmed that Stephen Graham Jones is one of the most talented writers of horror fiction today. By featuring main characters who are Blackfeet, like Jones himself, the novel also helped to ensure that Indigenous people have a place within the horror genre. But Jones is hardly the only Indigenous voice in horror: Lisa Fuller, a member of the Murri people of Australia, has also written in the genre. Her acclaimed 2019 young adult novel Ghost Bird is set in a Murri community in Queensland, Australia.

Horizontal gene transfer involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. It is common among prokaryotes (single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria Enterococcus cecorum and Moraxella caviae).The process can have the effect of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics; as such, an understanding of how to prevent horizontal gene transfer might result in the mitigation of dangerous pathogens (organisms that cause disease).

In 2013 Oona M. Lonnstedt and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Pomacentrus amboinensis, a species of fish. However, Lonnstedt and colleagues' study relied on a mean sample size of only about 28 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists' conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Jeff C. Clements and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Historians point to the rule of the Piast dynasty as crucial to the formation of the Polish state. However, some differentiate between members of the dynasty like Wladyslaw I Herman, who ruled as duke from 1079 to 1102 CE, and less well-documented figures like Lestek, who is said to have ruled in the 9th and 10th centuries but whose historical actuality is disputed. Lestek appears in the Gesta principum Polonorum, a chronicle of medieval Polishhistory written between 1112 and 1118. However, the chronicle's documentation of Lestek relies on oral tradition, unlike its records of later rulers.

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake Stechlin in Germany, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake's depth, volume,and surface area, but a climate researcher claims that the higher a lake's latitude, the more days per winter it will typically have measurable amounts of surface ice.

The Osage Nation, the Seminole Nation, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue.An economics student is researching the tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the tribal economic activity with other sources of revenue and finds that______

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, originally written in Russian. In the play, Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have come to stay at their country estate, which Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the professor's daughter from a previous marriage.Chekhov depicts Vanya's opinion of Professor Serebrakoff as having changed significantly, as is evident when ______

Jia Hu and colleagues hypothesized that workplace leaders who reflect on lessons learned from past mistakes are likely to exhibit more humility than leaders who don't engage in such reflection. To test this, the team placed 301 managers in one of three groups. Participants in two experimental groups were asked to reflect on a mistake, one group focusing on a mistake that resulted in learning and the other group focusing on a mistake that didn't result in learning. Participants in a control group were asked to reflect on their daily routine. All the participants then described how they would respond to a workplace scenario. After evaluating the responses for evidence of humility, the researchers concluded that their hypothesis was correct.

Nora Ephron's 1983 novel Heartburn is regularly described as autobiographical. That characterization is apt—there are many parallels between the experiences of the novel's narrator, Rachel Samstat, and those of Ephron--but it should not be taken to mean that all the people and events depicted in Heartburn are based on actual people and events. The novel is largely pure invention, and readers who neglect this fact and instead try to identify more and more real-life analogues thus risk______

What is the correct pronunciation of Kiribati? In the Gilbertese language spoken by residents of the island nation, the letter combination -ti makes the -s sound; as a result, the country's name ______ pronounced"Kiribas."

A recipient of both the Wolf Prize in Chemistry and the Robert A. Welch Award, chemist Ahmed Zewail expanded the limits of measurability when he devised a novel technique in optical spectroscopy that allows researchers ______ chemical reactions occurring within molecules at a quadrillionth of a second, or one femtosecond.

Both Arteaga, in the state of Coahuila, and Lagos de Moreno, in the state of Jalisco, have been designated by Mexico as pueblos magicos (magical villages) to celebrate these______natural beauty and unique cultural traditions.

The size of bird eggs varies widely across species, and the researchers, ______ computer imaging to compare the lengths of eggs from species like Chloroceryle americana and Francolinus coqui, aimed to shed light on the evolutionary basis for such variation.

A lady-in-waiting's account of Japanese courtly life in the tenth century, Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book is filled with daily observations and musings. Some of these appear as______“Things That Arouse a Fond Memory of the Past," Shonagon catalogs her appreciation for pressed silk, a moonlit night,and dried hollyhock.

In his work, acclaimed Cahuilla______Gerald Clarke uses basketry, acrylic paintings, and other mediums to explore Native perspectives on truth and beauty.

Scientists long debated the origins of chondrules, tiny glass beads that formed in meteors billions of years ago. For decades, different theories were proposed, from lightning strikes to powerful rock collisions, but none had sufficient evidentiary support.______scientists found strong evidence that chondrules were formed by shock waves in nearby nebulae.

Voting members of the 2006 Latin Grammys were impressed by Los Tigres del Norte's album Historias Que Contar and its contribution to the norteio genre, a form of regional Mexican music featuring accordion and bajo sexto guitar that first developed in northern Mexico in the late nineteenth century.______they awarded the group the Best Nortenio Album award.

As anthropologist Cristina Grasseni explains, with the rise in demand for artisanal cheeses claiming to be typical of specific Italian regions, such as Pecorino Siciliano cheese from Sicily, came the need to guarantee the veracity of such claims to consumers.______ the European Union established DOP status, a label certifying that the cheese was made according to the region's local traditions.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Chromosomes are cellular structures that contain genes.
•Genes carry critical instructions for determining an organism's physical traits.
•The fennec fox and the red fox are both species of foxes.
•As a species, the fennec fox has sixty-four chromosomes.
•As a species, the red fox has thirty-four chromosomes.

while researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Crown shyness is a phenomenon in which the tops (crowns) of neighboring trees grow close together but don't overlap.
•To explain how this happens, Australian forester M.R. Jacobs proposes the mutual abrasion theory.
•According to Jacobs's theory, when trees brush against one another, branches break off.
•Malaysian scholar Francis S.P. Ng posits the mutual shade avoidance theory.
•According to Ng's theory, when tree branches detect shade from nearby trees' branches, they stop growing.

• In 2017, a research team led by Mary Caswell Stoddard determined the average lengths of eggs produced by various bird species.
• Acrocephalus scirpaceus is a species of bird in the order Passeriformes.
• Acrocephalus scirpaceus eggs had an average length of 1.80 cm.
• Alcedo atthis is a species of bird in the order Coraciiformes.
• Alcedo atthis eggs had an average length of 2.19 cm.

• Understanding the history of science is critical for understanding how knowledge evolves.
• Anna Vickers was a French algologist born in 1852.
• She is known for her research on algae in the Canary Islands.
• Margaret Crosfield was a British geologist born in 1859.
• She is known for her research on the hills of Northeast Wales.

Today, the mobile application Instagram is thought of exclusively as a photo- and video-sharing program, but image-sharing was originally ______ the app's main purpose, which was to allow users to indicate their locations to other users in real time. Only once it became clear how popular the secondary feature of image-sharing was did the company shift to making that the app's centerpiece.

The Beirut Stock Exchange in Beirut, Lebanon, connects companies operating in Lebanon with potential investors. This is a valuable service since the time and expense necessary to find individual investors might otherwise be______for these companies: many of the companies could not operate if they had to do everything necessary to find investors for themselves.

A casual description of Scherezade Garcia's 2019 mural Blame It on the Bean: The Power of Coffee can make the work seem______ —a painting that is housed in a coffee shop and that depicts three women drinking coffee may not sound particularly ambitious—but in fact the work is a complex, dynamic meditation on gender and the legacy of colonialism that demands serious attention.

Some robots such as Actroid (developed in 2003) and Auriga(developed in 2011) are designed to resemble humans so that people will find it easier to interact with them. To that end, certain features such as bipedal locomotion can help to______ people's feelings of comfort, but a robot that looks too human can fall into the "uncanny valley,"meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.

The Cygne is just one of approximately three million known historical shipwrecks spread throughout the world's oceans, and their impact on sea life and underwater ecosystems is of great interest to researchers. Leila Hamdan and colleagues were particularly curious about the effects of wooden shipwrecks on seafloor microbial communities. The researchers studied two wooden shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico by placing pieces of pine and oak between zero and 200 meters away from each shipwreck to collect samples of three kinds of microbes: bacteria, archaea, and fungi. They found that across the three microbial communities, peak diversity and richness was observed on pine and oak samples placed approximately 125 meters from the shipwrecks.

The following text is from Lady Gregory's 1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying and selling goods at the local fair.
MRS.TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well, Bartley, you'll find no cause for complaining to-day; they are all saying it was a good fair.
BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a good fair, Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of a fair. If we didn't expect more, we got less. That's the way with me always; whatever I have to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy goes up. If there's ever any misfortune coming to this world, it's on myself it pitches, like a flock of crows on seed potatoes.

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can allow people to assist with conservation efforts, spark youth interest in science, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how butterfly color relates to flower choice, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.

Text 1
In separate studies, Lingbo Meng and colleagues and Xinhua He and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)—a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Meng and colleagues excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using barriers to keep the plants’ root systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through—a crucial step He and colleagues' study did not take.
Text 2
Meng and colleagues took the necessary precaution of separating the plants' root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers' experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.

Using the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (sOFIA), a team of astronomers mapped out the magnetic field of G47, one of the Milky Way's galactic bones (dense clouds of gas and dust that run through the middle of the arm of a spiral galaxy). Surprisingly, the map revealed a magnetic field with no clear pattern or direction. The researchers had expected the magnetic field to be similar to the more uniform fields seen in galactic bones in other arms of the Milky Way.

The following text is from Anthony Trollope's 1855 novel The Warden. The narrator is describing a rectory, the residence of a clergyperson.
There was an air of heaviness about the rooms which might have been avoided without any sacrifice of propriety; colours might have been better chosen and lights more perfectly diffused; but perhaps in doing so the thorough clerical aspect of the whole might have been somewhat marred; at any rate, it was not without ample consideration that those thick, dark, costly carpets were put down; those embossed, but sombre [wallpapers] hung up; those heavy curtains draped so as to half exclude the light of the sun.

The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne's 1830 short story “Sir William Phips.”
Few of the personages of past times (except such as have gained renown in fireside legends as well as in written history) are anything but mere names to their successors. They seldom stand up in our Imaginations like men. The knowledge, communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous to that which we acquire of a country by the map, minute, perhaps, and accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced by landscape painting.

In what is now Minnesota, the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community operates the Hocokata Ti, a cultural center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Dakota history and culture to the tribe's citizens. The Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa, a tribe in North Dakota, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren't Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

The bird species Saltator grossus (the slate-colored grosbeak), which weighs about 45 grams, and Microbates collaris (the collared gnatwren), which weighs about 10 grams, share territory in French Guiana with Thamnomanes caesius (the cinereous antshrike), which emits a loud alarm call when it detects predators. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues, who studied the ecological community these species share, hypothesized that since there is an inverse relationship between body size and vulnerability to predation, there will also be an inverse relationship between body size and sensitivity to predator warning signals from neighboring species.

Scholars cite Mr: President, the 1946 novel by Guatemalan author Miguel Angel Asturias, as a foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which antirealistic plot devices--often borrowed from the spiritual and narrative traditions of Indigenous and colonial societies in the Americas--are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of representation typical of the modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including Olga Tokarczuk, whose 1996 novel Primeval and other Times resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore-namely, that of Poland.

The Bronze Age in Britain lasted from around 2500 BCE to approximately 700 BCE. Collections of metal items (called hoards) from all periods of the Bronze Age have been found in Britain, including the Arreton Down hoard of artifacts from the 17th century BCE, unearthed around 1735, and the much later Hollingbourne hoard of artifacts from the 10th century BCE, unearthed around 2003. Sometime in the Middle Bronze Age (approximately from the 14th century BCE to the 10th century BCE), metalsmiths in Britain began to develop swords for the first time. This fact helps explain why, whereas evidence of sword production was found in ______

Mongolia, which, according to international indices, has relatively strong democratic institutions and low intranational income inequality, experienced an inflation rate of 4.30% in 2017, whereas Cameroon, which shows the opposite pattern on such indices, had an inflation rate of only 0.64% that year. Such comparisons have engendered speculation that by diluting control over the economy, democratic institutions inhibit states' ability to counteract inflationary pressures.To test this possibility systematically, Raj Desai et al. examined democratic strength, intranational inequality, and inflation in more than 100 countries, finding that democratic strength, if associated with low inequality, restrains inflationary pressures, suggesting that ______

During the decades-long movement to codify the rights of Latinos in the US, certain events were pivotal: the founding of veteran rights group the American GI Forum in______Mendez v. Westminster court decision in 1946, which affirmed the rights of Latino students, is another such event.

Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawaii Register of Historic Places, which includes Menehune Fishpond, a historic Hawaiian fishpond, and the Wailuku School, built in 1904. Okinaka doesn't make such decisions single-handedly,______ historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts.

Photographer Maria Svarbova has reached audiences well beyond her home country of Slovakia. In 2016, her work was featured at an international photography festival in______the exhibited photographs, with their vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, captivated audiences.

Recently unearthed Neronian tools in France dating to 54,000 years ago and attributed to Homo sapiens may provide evidence that interactions between Neanderthals and modern humans occurred 10,000 years earlier than was previously______finding that, if true, would overturn current theories about H. sapiens migration during the Upper Paleolithic.

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including Loud Jazz by John Scofield, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's______ he joined the label after the song's release.

Scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of neon in 1898, the same year in which they first discovered the element's existence.______ the isolation process took longer for erbium, which was isolated in its pure form 91 years after scientists first discovered it.

The method used in 1920 by the US Geological Survey to calculate the geographic center of Wyoming, involving a cardboard cutout of the state and a piece of string, seems rudimentary today.______the center found in a 2015 study using far more advanced technology differed from the original by just a few miles, proving the original method to be relatively accurate.

A 2022 study by researchers Hala Altamimi and Qiaozhen Liu investigated the relationship between nonprofit arts organizations' spending and performance.______ the researchers examined the correlation between how much 22,328 US arts nonprofits spent on overhead—operational costs such as equipment and fundraising—and how many people attended their vents (a measure of overall success).

Though Middle English was widely spoken in fourteenth-century England, the English language was rarely employed in literature until poet Geoffrey Chaucer helped pioneer its literary use.______ his manuscripts contain the first documented uses of over 2,000 English words—like the word "digestion" in his 1395 poem "The Squire's Tale"—which led a contemporary to dub him “the first finder of our fair language.”

• Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.
• She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
• She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
• Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Strange Evidence (1933).
• Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Jill Baker in That Uncertain Feeling (1941).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Auteur theory is a view of filmmaking that positions the director as the primary author of a film.
•This now dominant theory was coined by film critic Andrew Sarris.
•In a 1963 rebuttal, film critic Pauline Kael argued that film authorship should be shared among screenwriters, directors, and others involved in the filmmaking process.
•In a 2006 book, film critic David Kipen proposed “schreiber theory.”
•Schreiber theory repositions the screenwriter as the primary author of a film.