Runner beans were domesticated in Mexico and Central America. Their physical structure is no longer identical to the structure of the wild plant they are descended from. Summer squash also ______ its wild ancestor. That ancestor plant had a hard rind and bitter flesh. Indigenous people in eastern North America carefully bred the crop until it had a soft rind and mild-tasting flesh.

The adult emperor moth appears brown and orange with multiple eyespots as a result of pigmented scales that cover its wings and body. Although scales are widely known as the source of a moth’s color and pattern, the ______ of these scales goes beyond visual display: they also detach when moths are caught in a spiderweb.

Despite a growing view among young people and others in South Africa that celebrated anti-apartheid leader Nelson Mandela should have taken greater strides as president to effect more substantive structural changes in the country’s stratified society, years after his death in 2013 Mandela continues to be ______ by many worldwide.

The following text is adapted from Eugene O’Neill’s 1920 play Beyond the Horizon. Andrew and Robert Mayo are brothers who grew up on their family’s farm.
ANDREW: Farming ain’t your nature. There’s all the difference shown in just the way us two feel about the farm. You―well, you like the home part of it, I expect; but as a place to work and grow things, you hate it. Ain’t that right?
ROBERT: Yes, I suppose it is. For you it’s different. You’re a Mayo through and through. You’re wedded to the soil. You’re as much a product of it as an ear of corn is, or a tree. Father is the same. This farm is his life-work.

In the past, historians who wanted to examine Frederick Douglass’s diary and other personal papers had to visit the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., to view them on microfilm (film containing scaled-down reproductions of documents). But traveling to the library often added time and costs to research projects. Now, by going to the library’s website, researchers can access digitized versions of Douglass’s papers without physically going anywhere.

Built in the 1970s, Raccoon Mountain is a pumped-storage hydropower facility (a “water-battery”) located in the United States along the Tennessee River. When energy demand is low, excess power from the regional electric utility’s nuclear plants is used to pump water (from a lower reservoir filled from the Tennessee River) up a shaft to the summit lake, where the water is stored as gravitational potential energy. When energy demand peaks, the water drains down from the summit lake, spinning turbines and generating upward of 1,700 megawatts of power ―enough to power one million homes for twenty hours.

Text 1
Garden of Kama, The Life of Martin R. Delany, and twenty-three other works of the late 1800s and early 1900s were rereleased in 2020 as publicity for a prestigious prize for women writers of fiction. Recognizing that women long had to use male pseudonyms for their works to be granted serious consideration (by publishers and readers alike), the campaign restored the authors’ given female names in place of such pseudonyms and brought visibility to identities that should not have been hidden.
Text 2
The belief that women historically were barred from publishing under names perceived as female is persistent. That it is also an overgeneralization becomes obvious when considering writers such as Louisa May Alcott, who published Little Women and many other works under her own name in the 1800s, and Sara Payson Willis, who elected to use the female pseudonym Fanny Fern for her novels and newspaper columns in the mid-1800s.

The following text is from Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1830 short story “Sir William Phips.”
The knowledge, communicated by the historian and biographer, is analogous to that which we acquire of a country by the map,―minute, perhaps, and accurate, and available for all necessary purposes, but cold and naked, and wholly destitute of the mimic charm produced by landscape painting. These defects are partly remediable, and even without an absolute violation of literal truth, although by methods rightfully interdicted to professors of biographical exactness.

When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi qi. However, many dinosaurs that didn’t have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless, predatory Juravenator likely had feathers.

The following text is from María Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s 1885 novel The Squatter and the Don.
Don Mariano Alamar was silently walking up and down the front piazza of his house at the rancho; his hands listlessly clasped behind and his head slightly bent forward in deep thought. He had pushed away to one side the many arm-chairs and wicker rockers with which the piazza was furnished. He wanted a long space to walk. That his meditations were far from agreeable, could easily be seen by the compressed lips, slight frown, and sad gaze of his mild and beautiful blue eyes.

A student in an economics course is examining the decline since 1950 in average hours worked per person per year in various nations due to both increased productivity and the adoption of policies that limit working hours. The first task in this investigation is to determine how the decline in the United Kingdom compares to that in other countries. The student finds that ______

The nearly forty tribes located in Oklahoma, including the Chickasaw Nation and the Comanche Nation, operate numerous businesses, employ tens of thousands of people, and generate billions of dollars in revenue. A student in an economics class is researching the tribes’ collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare that industry’s role in Oklahoma in 2017 with the roles of other industries in the state. Looking at a table with information about three industries, the student finds that compared with the other two
industries, tribal economic activity ______

A creole language is an amalgam of a lexifier, or primary contributor of grammar and vocabulary, with one or more substrates, or secondary contributors. English-lexifying creoles in the Caribbean, such as Jamaican Patois, rely on West African substrates, while Hawaiian Pidgin relies on ‘Ōlelo Hawai‘i, the Polynesian language of the Native Hawaiian people, with further contributions from Japanese and other East Asian languages, Portuguese, and Spanish. This is a heterogeneous history, even for a creole language. Moreover, numerous similarities are found among the East Asian substrates, as well as between Portuguese and Spanish. Thus, it can be challenging to credit certain words or features of grammar or pronunciation to any one substrate.

The great blue heron and the roseate spoonbill are long-legged birds that live in wetlands, like the Everglades in Florida. Laura D’Acunto and colleagues wanted to know how these birds choose an area in which to live. They looked at features of the birds’ habitats, such as the geographic location of the area and how deep the water is during the birds’ breeding season. They found that great blue herons prefer areas with deep water during breeding season, but that was not true for roseate spoonbills. The researchers concluded that water management strategies that increase the depth of water in potential wetland bird habitats during breeding season are therefore more likely to ______

Filtration is a widely used method for removing microplastics―plastics with a width less than 5 millimeters (mm)―from waterways. However, filtration systems are typically unable to capture very small microplastics. Menake Piyasena and Nelum Perera designed a device that applies sound waves to water as it flows through a metal tube. The sound waves cause microplastics in the water to gather in the middle and along the sides of the tube. The microplastics can then be separated out by channeling polluted and clean water through different outlets. Testing indicated that the system removes even tiny microplastics, including ones as small as 10 microns, or 0.01 mm, wide. This result suggests that ______

A senior research scientist at CodaMetrix, Cansu Sen works on developing artificial intelligence technology, with a specific focus on natural language ______ language processing involves teaching computers to understand the way humans write and speak.

The Tuskegee University Archives’ collection includes an original 1957 photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. addressing a group of Tuskegee civil rights activists. Taken by P.H. Polk, the photo ______ King in profile, the glow of a stage light casting his silhouette onto the curtains behind him.

Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawai‘i Register of Historic Places, which includes the Albert Spencer Wilcox Building and the Kaua‘i Belt Road. However, Okinaka doesn’t make such decisions ______ all historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts from the fields of architecture, archaeology, history, and Hawaiian culture.

Most of the ice found on Earth is ice Ih, distinguished by a crystalline structure in which molecules form a hexagonal pattern. Amorphous ice, on the other hand, constitutes most of the ice in the ultrafrigid environment of outer space. Defined by a disorganized molecular structure, ______

When, in 2018, scientists in Germany discovered a fossilized brittle star with three thick, spine-studded arms positioned opposite three thin, undeveloped ones, they found something never before seen in the fossil ______ clonal fragmentation, a type of asexual reproduction, an animal splits itself in two, each half then regrowing its missing limbs—just what the brittle star was doing.

Typically, upon detecting the scent of another animal, a dog will open its mouth. ______ the dog allows the scent to reach sensory receptors on the roof of its mouth. These sensors help the dog interpret the source of the scent.

The Sheringham Shoal, an offshore wind farm located off the coast of England, produces about 315 megawatts (MW) of electricity per year. ______ England’s Hornsea Project One offshore wind farm, which generates the most power of any single offshore farm, produces 1,218 MW of electricity.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including ham and garlic.
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of sugar kelp, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of ma-konbu, another type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as high.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• E.M. Forster was an acclaimed writer.
• His first published work of fiction was a short story.
• It was called “Albergo Empedocle.”
• It first appeared in Temple Bar in 1903.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Ike Taiga (1723-1776) was a Japanese painter.
• Li Bai (701-762) was a Chinese poet.
• Taiga created the artwork titled Landscape and Couplet of Chinese Verse.
• The artwork is made up of two scrolls.
• Scroll 1 features a painting of a lone figure walking among tall, narrow mountains.
• Scroll 2 features a poem from Li Bai that is about being in nature.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Fyodor Konyukhov is a Russian sailor who completed a true circumnavigation of the globe in 2008.
• One of the requirements of a true circumnavigation is that the journey must begin and end in the same port.
• Konyukhov’s circumnavigation began and ended in the port of Albany, Australia.
• On his journey, Konyukhov passed the three great capes of the Southern Ocean.
• His journey took 102 days.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• In the 1800s, some actors also managed theaters.
• They were known as actor-managers.
• William Charles Macready managed the Covent Garden Theatre (London) from 1837 to 1839.
• He starred in a production of Henry V there in 1838.
• Laura Keene managed Laura Keene’s Theatre (New York) from 1856 to 1863.
• She starred in a production of The Seven Sisters there in 1860.

The following text is adapted from the 1895 poem “Shadow River” by Emily Pauline Johnson(Tekahionwake). The speaker is looking at the reflections of plants in a river.

The little fern-leaf, bending
Upon the brink, its green reflection greets,
And kisses soft the shadow that it meets
With touch so fine,
The border line
The keenest vision can’t define;
So perfect is the blending.

Text corpora such as the Bank of English are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding the frequency of typical word usage. For example, a linguist who assumes that the word “little” is ______ in written English could find evidence supporting that assumption in a corpus: “little” is the seventh most commonly used adjective.

New and interesting research conducted by Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj is inspired by their observation that though studies of the effect of high altitude on blood chemistry are ______, the effect on blood chemistry of living in locations below sea level, such as the California towns of Bombay Beach and Holtville, has received comparatively little notice.

Whatever the general attitude toward Spike Lee’s 1992 film Malcolm X and Carl Franklin’s 1995 film Devil in a Blue Dress when they were initially released, both films now tend to be regarded quite ______. In 2018, for example, critics for the New York Times praised the former as “electrifying” and the latter as “picture-perfect.”

One way to evaluate the importance of a scholar’s research is to ______ other scholars’ references to that research. For example, a count of other scholars’ citations shows that Brigham Young University economist Brigitte C. Madrian, who studies household finance, is referenced frequently, indicating that her work has been significant in the field.

High-speed rail systems, in which trains can move at great speeds, are expanding in many countries because high-speed rail can reduce the number of automobiles on the road and ultimately conserve energy. In Switzerland, for instance, 178 kilometers of high-speed rail lines are in operation as of 2023, and 431 kilometers are under construction.

In 1965, poet and scholar Dudley Randall founded Broadside Press in Detroit, Michigan. With the goal of making the work of Black poets widely available to the public, Randall published and distributed broadsides: individual poems printed on single sheets of paper. Since these broadsides became associated with the innovative aesthetics of the Black Arts Movement (1965‒1975), Randall’s publication format may likewise seem to have been pioneering, but, in fact, broadside poetry had also flourished in seventeenth-century London, where single-sheet popular ballads flooded the marketplace.

In their meta-analysis of research on advergames (video games developed to promote products or services), Zeph M.C. van Berlo et al. confirm that such games, though they can elicit player interest, may not facilitate subsequent recall of product and brand information. This phenomenon can be explained by the finite nature of cognitive capacity as it is articulated in Annie Lang’s limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing. In this case, players’ cognitive resources are directed foremost toward the advergame’s mechanics, leaving little or no capacity for encoding and storing the information the advertiser intends to be salient.

While observing birds for a biology class, a group of students noticed a piping plover (Charadrius melodus), a bird of the order Charadriiformes (shorebirds), slowly move away, make loud noises, and feign an injured wing as the group approached the bird’s ground nest. Researching this behavior, the students learned that this phenomenon is commonly referred to as “broken-wing display” and is meant to lure predators away from the nesting site and toward a seemingly vulnerable adult bird. Upon learning of other birds that also exhibit the behavior they had observed, the students hypothesized that the phenomenon is exclusive to shorebirds.

After sample A0106 was retrieved from the asteroid Ryugu, a portion of it was subjected to an extraction protocol in which small amounts of pulverized material were rinsed, sequentially, with hexane, dichloromethane, methanol, and finally a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol. Each rinse created a separate extract suitable for spectral analysis. Based on the table, both alkane and dimethyl sulfide compounds must have been present in the pulverized sample before the methanol-only extraction, because ______

In medieval England, jesters and minstrels made livings as traveling performers, but the pieces they performed have been a mystery, thought to be lost or never committed to paper at all. Recently, however, James Wade has argued that a manuscript collection compiled in the fifteenth century by Richard Heege contains three pieces likely copied from a repertoire book belonging to a minstrel working in the area around Heege’s home. Wade cites features of the texts indicative of live performance, such as directly appealing to the audience, extensive use of repetition (allowing for easy memorization), and requests for tips (payment) from listeners.

Economists have demonstrated that herding—in which individuals converge on the same action by imitating the economic decisions of one or more peers―occurs among investors. Investigating whether herding also occurs among nations in matters of economic policy, Maru Etta-Nkwelle examined changes in the foreign currency reserves of emerging economies in various world regions in the years following the widespread financial crisis of 1997. Etta-Nkwelle posited that herding would manifest in regional peer countries converging on the same foreign currency accumulation rate regardless of each country’s observable circumstances. She found that Asian countries showed evidence of herding but African countries did not.

A film studies student is researching early 20th-century film serials, which consisted of individual episodes of a single long story that were shown weekly in theaters. The Painted Stallion is a 1937 serial that, over its 12 episodes, kept its audience interested with the suspense and drama that are typical of the western genre. The student, however, claims that ultimately audiences of the time preferred resolution and closure over ongoing tension.

Introducing a new species into a delicate ecosystem can often be harmful. The common waxbill and other fruit-eating birds have established themselves on the Hawaiian island of Oahu after being brought there in the last 150 years. Many plant species on the island rely on the activity of fruit-eating birds to maintain and increase their populations. In recent studies, common waxbills have been found to spread seeds of native forest plants that are at risk of extinction, such as the olomea shrub and the olona shrub, suggesting that ______

Lichens lack root systems, so they must absorb water directly from the air, dew, and even tree bark and retain it in their bodies. A team of scientists recently used computer simulations to evaluate the importance of water stored in tree bark (bark water) for lichens in the Mediterranean region. In the control simulation, lichens had access to all water sources; in the experimental simulation, lichens had access to all sources except bark water. Compared to the control, the experimental simulation predicted a decrease in the lichens’ overall biomass production of 21%. The experimental simulation (but not the control simulation) also predicted a decrease in the survival of certain species of lichen during the summer due to evaporative water loss, suggesting that ______

Key-value pairs are an important aspect of JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), an electronic file format for storing and transmitting data. Keys function as labels, while values contain the actual information. In a JSON file storing data about fire belly ______ instance, you could encounter a key such as “species” with the associated value of “Cynops orientalis.”

Released in 1997, the IBM RS64 microchip contained a single CPU, or core, to execute commands. As processing speeds of single-core chips increased over time, so too did the heat the chips generated. ______ a “power wall” in which more heat was produced than could be efficiently dissipated led developers to invent the dual-core chip in the early 2000s.

Should Israel cut taxes? As of 2017, Israel’s top tax rate (58%) was lower than the highest point on the country’s Laffer curve. A theoretical relationship between tax rates and revenues, the curve can be used to determine whether tax cuts will ultimately increase a country’s tax revenue, according to some ______ 2017 data suggested that Israel was below the threshold for a tax cut.

A 2024 study by archaeologist Guadalupe Romero Villanueva and colleagues ______ that comb-shaped motifs painted on the walls of Argentina’s Cueva Huenul (a cave in northern Patagonia) are approximately 8,200 years old offers compelling geochronological evidence that humans had been visiting the cave for more than 3,000 years before abandoning it around 5,100 years ago.

Obsidian hydration dating (OHD), an artifact-dating technique that measures the thickness of the rind that forms on the surface of obsidian (a volcanic glass), can be used to estimate when prehistoric humans used the sharp glass to shape stone tools. The use of OHD requires careful calibration based on a sample’s climatic context and ______ temperature fluctuations, variations in water vapor pressure, and differences in glass chemistry are known to affect the rate of rind growth.

Maureen Mahon of New York University, along with researchers Alison Martin of Dartmouth College and Tammy Kernodle of Miami University, ______ on the advisory team for the Timeline of African American Music, an interactive digital resource that explores African American musical history from the 1600s to the present day.

Since 1941, the South Side Community Art Center in Chicago, Illinois, has cultivated a multigenerational community of Black creatives―from writer Gwendolyn Brooks, to musician Nat King Cole, to visual artists like William Walker and Espi Eph. ______ it has garnered a reputation as a hub of Black art and culture in Chicago.

Despite her considerable body of work, the writer Felicia Hemans (1793‒1835) was largely overlooked by twentieth-century scholars of British Romantic poetry, whose research tended to focus on the Romantic era’s most prominent figures (such as Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind” and other well-known poems). ______ a 2014 analysis of Hemans’s poems by scholar Kate Singer helps illuminate Hemans’s significant contributions to Romanticism.

The names of geological eras uniformly describe phases in Earth’s evolutionary history (e.g., Mesoproterozoic means “middle former life”). Names given to geological periods, ______ are of diverse origins. The Ediacaran period is named after the Ediacaran Hills in Australia, for example, while the Ordovician period takes its name from the Celtic tribe the Ordovīcēs.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Artistic works made readily accessible to the general public are categorized as public art.
• Artist Zenos Frudakis’s twenty-foot-long bronze sculpture Freedom Sculpture is on display along a public sidewalk in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• This work of public art depicts a group of people emerging from the side of a building.
• Artist David McCracken’s thirty-one-foot-long aluminum sculpture Diminish and Ascend is on display in a public botanical garden in Christchurch, New Zealand.
• This work of public art depicts a staircase that appears to ascend into the clouds.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• US states are the primary regulators of federal and state elections and bear much of the responsibility to establish voting rights.
• All fifty state constitutions contain clauses that confer the right to vote on eligible citizens.
• Thirty state constitutions also include some form of a free-elections clause.
• These clauses more broadly mandate that elections be conducted in a fair manner.
• Further guidance with regard to voting rights and conducting elections is legislated by state lawmakers.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The 1988 exhibition Deconstructivist Architecture at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City featured projects by seven architects.
• The exhibition was influential in popularizing deconstructivist design principles in the late twentieth century.
• It included architectural plans for The Peak, a 1983 project by Iraqi British architect Zaha Hadid featuring jagged geometric forms jutting out from an artificial cliff.
• It included a model of Gehry House, a 1978‒88 project by US architect Frank Gehry featuring jagged geometric forms extending from a Dutch colonial exterior.
• Curators Philip Johnson and Mark Wigley describe the exhibition’s projects as subverting conventional assumptions “about order, harmony, stability, and unity.”