The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States for their ______. The Irish American accordionist Joe Derrane was chosen to for the fellowship he has contributed so much to the arts.

Some pieces of music might have many meanings—the compositions of Albertine Caron Legris can ______ as many different interpretations as there are people to listen to them—and so as long as listener’s interpretation isn’t willfully absurd or the result of inattention, it is difficult to justify the claim that the listener has misunderstood the piece.

The following text is from Virginia Woolf’s 1919 novel Night and Day. The text describes a gathering of aspiring young artists and intellectuals.
One person after another rose, and, as with an ill- balanced axe, attempted to hew out his conception of art a little more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for some reason which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone awry. As they sat down they turned almost invariably to the person sitting next them, and rectified and continued what they had just said in public.

The following text is from Betty Smith's 1943 novel A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Francie, a young girl, visits the library often.
Francie thought that all the books in the world were in that library and she had a plan about reading all the books in the world. She was reading a book a day in alphabetical order and not skipping the dry ones. She remembered that the first author had been Abbott. She had been reading a book a day for a long time now and she was still in the B's. Already she had read about bees and buffaloes, Bermuda vacations and Byzantine architecture. For all her enthusiasm, she had to admit that some of the B's had been hard going. But Francie was a reader.
©1947 by Betty Smith

The following text is adapted from Adib Khorram's 2018 novel Darius the Great Is Not Okay. Darius, a teenager from the United States, is visiting his grandparents, Mamou and Babou, and other family members in Iran.
I was too tired to fall all the way asleep, and even though Mamou was soft and warm, leaning up against her wasn't a terribly comfortable position to sleep in. So I dozed and floated on the clouds of Farsi that blew my way from the front seat of Dayi [Uncle] Jamsheed's SUV.
It reminded me of when I was little, and Mom chanted to me in Farsi every night before bedtime. It's hard to describe Farsi chanting: the way Mom drew her voice out like the notes of a cello as she recited poems by Rumi or Hafez. I didn't know what they meant, but that didn't matter. It was quiet and soothing.
©2018 by Adib Khorram

The Paul Laurence Dunbar House in Dayton, Ohio, is the house where Paul Laurence Dunbar lived for two years and wrote his later poetry collections. Now the house is a museum dedicated to Dunbar's life and writings. Visitors travel to this museum to feel more connected to an author they admire. To encourage that sense of connection, the museum's curators have set up exhibits with furnishings owned by Dunbar. Such exhibits help visitors understand day-to-day life in the house where Dunbar felt inspired.

On painter William H. Johnson's return to the United States in 1938 after a decade in Europe, his style underwent an abrupt transformation. Turning away from landscapes painted in an expressionist style—a style that often involves using fluid, distorted shapes and thick, textured brushstrokes to express the artist's subjective experience of reality—Johnson began painting portraits of Black Americans in a bold new way. Evocative of African sculpture and American and Scandinavian folk art, these portraits feature flat, deliberately oversimplified figures in a vibrant but limited color palette.

The following text is from Lady Gregory's 1904 play Spreading the News. Mrs. Tarpey, Bartley, and Mrs. Fallon have been buying and selling goods at the local fair.
MRS.TARPEY: Good morrow, Bartley Fallon; good morrow, Mrs. Fallon. Well, Bartley, you'll find no cause for complaining to- day; they are all saying it was a good fair.
BARTLEY: (Raising his voice.) It was not a good fair, Mrs. Tarpey. It was a scattered sort of a fair. lf we didn't expect more, we got less. That's the way with me always;
whatever I have to sell goes down and whatever I have to buy goes up. If there's ever any misfortune coming to this world, it's on myself it pitches, like a flock of crows on seed potatoes.

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A.Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Mexico City, Mexico, and La Paz, Bolivia, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 562 respondents from Mexico City, 77.6% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 528 respondents from La Paz, 67.5% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Mexico City respondents who reported living within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that reported by La Paz respondents, greater proximity alone can't explain the difference in park use.

External shopping cues are a type of marketing that uses obvious messaging—a display featuring a new product, for example, or a “buy one, get one free" offer—to entice consumers to make spontaneous purchases. In a study, data scientist Sam K. Hui and colleagues found that this effect can also be achieved with a less obvious cue: rearranging a store's layout. The researchers explain that trying to find items in new locations causes shoppers to move through more of the store, exposing them to more products and increasing the likelihood that they'll buy an item they hadn't planned on purchasing.

The Cherokee Nation, the Quapaw Tribe, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is researching the tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the average amount that industry contributed per employee to Oklahoma's economy with the average amount contributed per employee by three other industries. Looking at the table, the student finds that tribal economic activity contributed over $141,000 per employee, on average, ranking it ______

Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might learn how multicellular organisms developed from single-celled ones if we understand why the single-celled organism Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living relative of animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells. Alegado and colleagues reviewed data from many studies about how S. rosetta responds when exposed to another type of single-celled organism, bacteria, including David C. Edman's work with Listeria monocytogenes bacteria and Jang-Cheon Cho's work with Croceibacter atlanticus bacteria. Alegado and colleagues concluded that neither L.monocytogenes nor C. atlanticus are likely to have played a significant role in the development of multicellular organisms.

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake Mjosa in Norway, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake's depth, volume, and surface area, but a climate researcher claims that some lakes in these latitudes have seen a decline in the duration of ice between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s.

Architects looking for inspiration may examine photographs of iconic buildings such as the Leaning Tower in Pisa. A two- dimensional photograph, however, cannot capture how a building interacts with its surroundings, whether by complementing, blending in with, or perhaps even clashing with sights and activities nearby. An image of the Leaning Tower thus______

The Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) seeks to discover long- term trends related to childhood development by compiling and analyzing evidence from approximately 12,000 participants in Germany. As with most longitudinal studies, extensive funding support is needed for SOEP to collect the relevant data over timescales and at intervals that will support robust conclusions. But the quality of a more constrained investigation, such as a transportation study seeking only to yield the average number of people per day who use a city's public transportation system, is much less dependent on high levels of funding because ______

Anthropologist Livia Barbosa, of the Universidade Federal Fluminense in Brazil，______food and sociability in contemporary Brazil-specifically, how foods such as carne- de-sol (acured meat dish) and pe-de-moleque (a traditional peanut brittle candy) function as central mechanisms in building social relationships, values, and identities.

On Guadalupe Peak, which ______ an elevation of 8,751 feet, one can find the highest point in Texas.

At 3,020 years old, Patriarca da Floresta, a jequitibá-rosa (Cariniana legalis) located in Brazil, is one of the oldest known trees in the world. With over three millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single tree like this, claims______Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

Julia Alvarez's 1994 novel In the Time of the Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the lives of the Mirabal ______ can serve as a starting point for those wanting to explore how the rule of dictator Rafael Trujillo has been represented in Dominican American literature.

Scholars have praised Gwendolyn Brooks's 1945 poem "Ballad of Pearl May Lee" for its nuanced portrayal of life in Brooks's South Side Chicago neighborhood. The poem shouldn't be regarded as being simply a product of Brooks’s ______ the breadth of the poet’s influences, which range from medieval English ballads to the poetry of Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes.

Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawaii Register of Historic Places, which includes Lo’alo'a Heiau, a Hawaiian temple built around 1730, and the Bishop National Bank of Hawaii, built in 1929. Okinaka doesn't make such decisions single-handedly, ______ historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts.

After appropriate permissions are granted. a typical archaeological dig begins with a surveyor making a detailed grid of the excavation site. Then, the site is carefully dug, and any artifacts found are recorded and mapped onto the site grid. ______ the artifacts are removed, cataloged, and analyzed in a laboratory.

To guarantee the validity of experimental results, scientists rely on precise, unchanging standards of measurement. ______ metrologists (scientists who study measurement) developed the SL, or International System of Units. The SI's units of measurement are based on unchanging values in nature, such as the mass of an electron or the speed of light.

Soil polluted with chromium (a heavy metal) is harmful to many plants and animals, but the plant species Ludwigia prostrata, or creeping water primrose, not only thrives in such conditions but also helps remediate them. As a metal hyperaccumulator, Ludwigia prostrata absorbs a large amount of chromium and stores it safely in its roots and shoots: ______chromium concentrations in the soil decrease.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Iranian scholar Abu Rayhan al-Biruni studied Earth's physical features.
• He theorized that a large landmass existed west of Europe and east of Asia.
• Al-Biruni published his landmass theory in 1037 CE.

Birds of Northern South America is an identification guidebook by ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
•It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in Suriname.
•The sooty-capped hermit is a large hummingbird found in Suriname.
•It is identifiable by its distinctive facial markings and its long, black, curved bill.
•The fiery-tailed awibill is a small hummingbird found in Suriname.
•It is identifiable by its mostly dark green color and its short, black, upturned bill

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•The University of Oslo in Oslo, Norway, is home to a Foucault pendulum.
•The pendulum consists of a weighted ball that swings at the end of a roughly 14- meter-long cable.
•Like all Foucault pendulums, it dangles from a fixed point that ensures the swing path of the pendulum doesn't change.
•To an observer, the swing path of a Foucault pendulum appears to change over time because Earth rotates beneath it.
•Foucault pendulums are used as a simple way to provide evidence of Earth's rotation.

The organizers specifically indicated that the conference was intended to focus on children's literature, so despite the education specialist’s ______her expertise on the subject in general, she found that she could speak authoritatively about the works of author Mildred Pitts Walter, particularly Justin and the Best Biscuits in the World, which she had used effectively in classroom instruction for many years

In 1891, design artist William Morris cofounded the Kelmscott Press, which printed editions of books using preindustrial methods. Historians argue that Morris's repudiation of industrialization is______the Kelmscott editions' use of handmade materials and intricate ornamentation reminiscent of medieval manuscripts: these meticulously handcrafted elements exemplify the artistry involved.

It is tempting to treat the clustering of car manufacturing firms in Detroit, Michigan, as representative of industrial agglomeration generally, but Guilia Faggio et al. caution against______this one example: the existence of labor pools, a dominant driver of collocation in this industry, was largely absent from the vegetable oil manufacturing industry.

A number of recording artists ______ distinctions between Indigenous music and other musical styles. For example, the Haudenosaunee group the Halluci Nation incorporated powwow music into electronic dance music on its album One More Saturday Night, and Swinomish/Inupiaq musician Black Belt Eagle Scout combined powwow-style melodies with rock on her album At the Party with My Brown Friends.

Joel Brown and colleagues showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the Arizona pocket mouse (Perognathus amplus), a result explicable in terms of benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may not enable the mice to increase foraging success enough to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory owls or hawks. Most other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to Arizona pocket mice, but Azara's night monkeys (Aotus azarae) display the opposite pattern, as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a different balance of reward and risk.

Text 1
In 2019 Arequipa, Peru, was named a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in recognition of the city's unique food culture. The honor is well known among both residents of the city and tourists who visit. Simply by selecting Arequipa, UNESCO has helped bring awareness to local recipes, cooking practices, and chefs and has provided a significant boost to the city's tourism industry.
Text 2
Many people in Arequipa's restaurant industry hoped that food tourism would increase after the city was chosen as a City of Gastronomy in 2019. However, as researcher Eerang Park and colleagues argue, cities must still create effective marketing strategies to benefit fully from being named a City of Gastronomy. Without the intentional effort that was made to promote the city's food scene, many current and potential visitors to Arequipa would not even be aware that it's home to uniquely delicious food.

Like all species of baleen whales, the sei whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the sei whale small--it can have a mass as high as 25,000 kg--it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the bowhead whale, which can weigh a whopping 66,000 kg and consume as much as 19,800 kg of krill per day.

A number of artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the2010s, aggressively manipulate their recorded voice. The singer Dorian Electra, for example, shifts the pitch of their vocals to be much deeper than that of Electra's natural range. And even the hyperpop artists who don't rely on pitch-shifting, such as Kim Petras, often distort their vocals using digital tools. By persistently modifying the voice, hyperpop invites the listener to reflect on the extent to which digital technology mediates the human experience today.

In a paper for an art history class, a student claims that Agnes Martin's 1957 painting Harbor Number 1 marks a significant change in Martin's artistic development.

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long ago each pyramid was built and how tall each pyramid is. Consulting the table, the student finds that El Castillo was built 1,100 to 1,400 years ago and is______

Laila Nazirah and colleagues found that tilling--the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or other machines before planting crops--was associated with an increased yield of rice. But some studies of other crops have found the opposite effect, raising the question of whether the increase in yield found by Nazirah and colleagues is specific to their study crop. However, this doesn't seem to be the case: ______

The phrase usa-don sonda is a future-oriented expression used by members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, that translates to "next week." Rafael Nuñez and colleagues recorded Yupno speakers explaining several of these temporal-related words and phrases and coded each speaker's manual gestures. Previous research has found evidence of Spanish speakers referring to the left /right axis to describe events in time, and many researchers believe that this tendency to make temporal distinctions along imagined linear axes is universal. However, Nunez and colleagues claim that this tendency is not in fact ubiquitous.

In a 2017 study, Nitika Sharma and Rekha Dayal found that for consumers who value environmental conservation, their likelihood of purchasing a product increased when their perception of the product’s effectiveness at addressing an environmental issue increased--in other words, the more environmentally friendly a product is perceived to be by a consumer, the more likely that consumer is to buy it. Subsequently, another research team conducted a study of various demographic groups in Chile, investigating participants' intention to purchase a new food product, and found that, on average, middle-aged adults gave the food product a higher environmental effectiveness rating than any other demographic group did. Assuming that the results of Sharma and Dayal's study are broadly applicable, this finding suggests that ______

Many studies have found a positive association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water in North America. But Andrea G.Bravo and colleagues did not find this correlation in a study conducted in Sweden, leading some scientists to hypothesize that the association is particular to North America. However, several other studies conducted outside North America, such as one by Clara C. Moreno and colleagues in Norway, showed similar results to the North American studies, while few have produced results similar to those of Bravo and colleagues' study, suggesting that______

Some ethicists hold that the moral goodness of an individual's actions depends solely on whether the actions themselves are good, irrespective of the context in which they are carried out. Philosopher L. Sebastian Purcell has shown that surviving works of Aztec (Nahua) philosophy express a very different view. Purcell reveals that these works posit an ethical system in which an individual's actions are judged in light of how well they accord with the individual's role in society and how well they contribute to the community. To the extent that these works are representative of Aztec thought, Purcell's analysis suggests that ______

The Austronesian language family includes Samoan, Palauan, and some 1.200 other languages throughout the Pacific, making it one of the largest language families in the world and of keen interest to ______ of UC Santa Cruz.

The writer Audre Lorde, along with others such as Haki Madhubuti and Quincy Troupe, ______ commonly associated with the Black Arts movement, a loose-knit group of writers and artists active in the 1960s and the 1970s who were interested in exploring the Black American experience through their work.

The djeser, which is written as a horizontal hieroglyph shaped like a bent arm holding a short stick, and the heqat, which is written as a hieroglyph that looks like four oval items pouring out of a barrel, were ancient Egyptian units of ______ to record length and volume, respectively, the djeser and heqat have since fallen out of use.

Proto-Atiantic-Congo-a protolanguage, or ancestral language of a family of descendant (daughter) languages--is said to be the common ancestor of all Atlantic-Congo languages. This designation is ______ Proto-Atlantic-Congo is only postulated, its characteristics being inferred from the linguistic properties of its 1.453 daughters.

A species of Byropsis algae produces toxins to avoid being eaten by predators.However, in some cases, the toxins the organism uses to protect itself from predation actually ______its attractiveness to predators. The Hawaiian sea slug, for example, not only tolerates Byropsis toxins but actually uses them for protection in the same way the algae does

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including Low Blow by Victor Bailey, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip- hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's ______ he joined the label after the song's release.

With many elements, like cadmium, scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of the substance shortly after discovering its existence-but this wasn't the case with all elements. ______ the isolation process took years. The element niobium, for instance, was discovered in 1801 but not isolated until 1864,

In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s, the theory of natural selection was an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, ______that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged from multiple scholars working in parallel.

A band might choose a name that is as unique and original as possible. ______ they might name themselves after a recognizable song by a favorite band. This is what the Japanese experimental rock band Boris did when they named themselves after the song "Boris" by the Melvins.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Elizabeth Catlett's sculpture Recognition (1970) shows two African American figures with rounded, indistinct features.
• The figures reach out to each other in a pose that symbolizes a close, supportive relationship.
• Her sculpture Students Aspire (1978) shows two African American figures with sharply defined features.
• The figures hold an equal sign above their heads with one hand and embrace each other with the other hand.
• This pose symbolizes their support for each other in the pursuit of equality.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Metztitlán is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
• One service they provide is water treatment.
• Metztitlán's population was 20,962 in 2020.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
• The mineral talc has a Mohs scale number of 1.
• The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number of 4.
• The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.