The National Heritage Fellowship was created to publicly ______ exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States. In 1995, the fellowship was given to the Navajo (Diné) basket weaver Mary Holiday Black to celebrate her lifetime contributions to the arts.

The following text is adapted from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows. The Mole is dazed after briefly meeting a stranger while traveling with a friend.
[The] Mole stood still a moment, held in thought. As one wakened suddenly from a beautiful dream, who struggles to recall it, and can re-capture nothing but a dim sense of the beauty of it, the beauty! Till that, too, fades away in its turn.

Text corpora such as the Bank of English are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding how ______ a word is in spoken and written English. For instance, one might have a guess about the incidence of the word “get," but only an analysis of a corpus can prove that “get" is the fifth most commonly used verb.

British painter Peter Edwards is known for his portraits of notable figures in different fields, from poet Wendy Cope to mathematician Christopher Zeeman. Widespread admiration of these works has helped Edwards gain substantial______as an artist.

The Apalachicola River delta system is located in Florida, where the river drains into the Gulf of Mexico, and is shaped by ______ factors: for example, the geography of the coastline influences sedimentary deposition, which over time alters coastal geography.

In the late 1800s, Spanish-language newspapers flourished in cities across Texas. San Antonio alone produced eleven newspapers in Spanish between 1890 and 1900. But El Paso surpassed all other cities in the state. This city produced twenty-two newspapers in Spanish during that period. El Paso is located on the border with Mexico and has always had a large population of Spanish speakers. Thus, it is unsurprising that this city became such a rich site for Spanish-language journalism.

In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from the Midwest region of what is now the United States, paras means “flat," whereas paraparac means “square." This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication, In this case, the element “para” in paras gets repeated in paraparac. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Hoocak.

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Mexico City, Mexico, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 562 respondents from Mexico City, 77.6% indicated that they use the city's parks, and of the 683 respondents from Buenos Aires, 69.9% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of Mexico City respondents who reported living within a 10-minute walk of a park was much lower than that reported by Buenos Aires respondents, greater proximity alone can't explain the difference in park use.

The following text is from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M. C. McMaster et al, in 1903). The narrator is on a walk in the countryside outside of Paris, France.
I walked slowly beneath the young leaves, drinking in the air, fragrant with the odor of young buds and sap. I sauntered along, forgetful of musty papers, of the offices, of my chief, my colleagues, my documents, and thinking of the good things that were sure to come to me, of all the veiled unknown contained in the future. A thousand recollections of childhood came over me, awakened by these country odors, and I walked along permeated with the fragrant, living enchantment, the emotional enchantment of the woods warmed by the sun of June.

Marrakech has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Marrakech associated with walkability—e.g., its highly varied streetscape—may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals' decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the role of demographic characteristics, others the role of public transit availability, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals' choices.

In terms of total area, the Muscogee Nation is one of the largest tribal nations in the United States. It covers 4,867 square miles in what is now eastern Oklahoma. In comparison, the total area of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe in Minnesota is only______

“Lines Written in Early Spring” is a 1798 poem by William Wordsworth. In the poem, the speaker describes having contradictory feelings while experiencing the sights and sounds of a spring day:

The Apollo program missions were spaceflights to the moon led by the United States during the 1960s and 1970s during which astronauts collected some samples of the moon's surface. More recently, China launched the Chang'e 5 mission, which returned additional lunar surface samples. Researchers have analyzed and dated each of the samples, concluding that the lunar samples collected during the Chang'e 5 mission are significant because ______

Biologist Rosanna Alegado believes that we might learn how multicellular organisms developed from single-celled ones if we understand why the single-celled organism Salpingoeca rosetta, the oldest living relative of animals, sometimes forms colonies of cells. Alegado and colleagues reviewed data from many studies of how S. rosetta responds when exposed to another type of single-celled organism, bacteria, including Eric W. Triplett's work with Dyadobacter fermentans bacteria and Jung-Hoon Yoon's work with Algoriphagus marincola bacteria. Alegado and colleagues concluded that both D. fermentans and A. marincola might have played a role in the development of multicellular organisms.

The Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) examines trends in childhood development among 19,000 people in the United Kingdom unfolding over many years. As is true of most longitudinal studies, this need for years of data collection results in high costs. By contrast, a relatively straightforward fitness study, such as one that is merely trying to identify the percentage of regular exercisers in a city who do weight training, may not need a large budget because ______

Oyster mushrooms typically get their nutrients from the damp logs on which they grow, but the fungi are also carnivorous, with the ability to kill and consume microscopic worms known as nematodes. As researcher Yen-Ping Hsueh has shown, the mushrooms release a toxin that is deadly to nematodes that ______ in contact with it.

Cut, bent, and welded from discarded metal materials, the sculptures of London-based Nigerian artist Sokari Douglas Camp are meant to challenge viewers to consider their own relationships to material ______ her thought-provoking works in the 1999 exhibition Sokari Douglas Camp at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of African Art in Washington, DC, were no different.

The liquid compounds tetradecane (C14H30) and dodecane (C12H26) have molar masses of 198.39 and 170.33 ______ mass helps convert between the mass of the reactants and the mass of the product.

Scholars Tammy Kernodle and Paul Austerlitz have lent their expertise on Black history and music to an important new project: the Timeline of African American Music, a digital ______ through a rich combination of text, images, and music clips, traces the development of specific musical genres (such as funk and swing).

In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle paths such as the Expo Bikeway-which is about 15 miles long—have become an increasingly popular means of travel. Moreover, lawyer and cycling ______ has identified several features of the Los Angeles landscape, like its temperate climate and mostly flat roads, that make the city naturally bike-friendly.

While other even-toed ungulate species, such as the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), are among the most populous animal species on earth, the Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) has a total population between 700 and 800 ______ one of the criteria required for a species to be considered endangered.

Ecologists like Renae Brodie use trophic pyramids to illustrate the food chain within a given ecosystem. At a typical pyramid's base are primary producers, like plants, followed by herbivores at the second trophic level, then omnivores and carnivores at the third. ______ at the fourth, highest trophic level are apex predators, like eagles, that feed on the animals below.

In a 2022 analysis of 200 terms, researchers found a broad pattern of valence-dependent mutation in which negative adjectives saw a faster rate of cognate replacement—the rate at which a word will be replaced over time with a noncognate form—than other words. ______ the adjective “illegal” would be expected to mutate faster than the noun “crisis.”

In the early 1970s, Albert Popa took up graffiti art, spraying his work onto what was at the time an unconventional surface: concrete. ______ Albert's son David has chosen an unusual canvas for his new art project, Fractured. In this remarkable work, the artist draws charcoal faces onto fragmented ice floes in Finland, creating the visual effect of a face slowlyfracturing.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• In 1965, Yale University historians claimed that a world map called the Vinland Map was drawn in the fifteenth century.
• Since that time, the map's age has been the subject of debate.
• In 2021, researchers conducted a study to analyze the elemental composition of the map's ink.
• Their analysis revealed that the ink contains a titanium compound not used in inks until the1920s.
• The researchers concluded that the map was drawn in the twentieth century.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The El Pinito Mountains are a mountain range located in northwestern Mexico.
• The range is one of the dozens of “sky islands” in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
• A sky island is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs drastically from that of the surrounding lowlands.
• The US Forest Service (USFs) said, “Themountains are islands' surrounded by deserts that are 'seas.'”
• The USFs said, “Each Sky Island is a unique ecosystem.”

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The International Center for the Arts of the Americas (ICAA) is directed by MariCarmen Ramirez.
• Ramirez oversaw an initiative to create an online archive of historical documents related to the history of Latin American and Latino visual art.
• The ICAA digitized over 10,000 documents, including the writings of Latin American and Latino artists and critics.
• The creation of the archive didn't require historical documents to be removed from their countries of origin.
• Scholars now have more access to these documents.

Though not closely related, the hedgehog tenrecs Madagascar share basic ______ true hedgehogs, including protective spines, pointed snouts, and small body size-traits the two groups of mammals independently developed in response to equivalent roles in their respective habitats.

Sarah Marquis, who walked 16,000 kilometers across Asia, Siberia, and Australia, undoubtedly accomplished much, but her place in our historical memory is perhaps more ______ than that of a noteworthy “first” such as Anésia Pinheiro Machado, who was the first female pilot in Brazil to carry passengers and the first to make stunt flights, a deed for which she will always be remembered.

When considering which plays and musicals to produce, theaters in Miami often favor keeping audiences happy over taking risks. So while they might be eager to produce an established classic like Crazyfor You, for example, most would be ______ to stage a work from a relatively unknown playwright.

Some robots such as Surena (developed in 2008) and COMAN (developed in 2012) are designed to resemble humans so that people will find it easier to interact with them. To that end, certain features such as the ability to respond to voice commands can help to ______ people's feelings of comfort, but a robot that looks too human can fall into the “uncanny valley," meaning that its appearance unintentionally unsettles those who encounter it.

While recent scholarship has undermined claims that the works of twelfth-century Islamic philosopher lbn Rushd were ______ other Muslim philosophers of his time, it is indisputable that his location in the Muslim-ruled area of what is now Spain meant that his works were primarily available thousands of miles west of the era's center of Islamic thought.

Community science, which involves professional scientists collaborating with amateur science enthusiasts to study a topic, is often an effective and engaging way to conduct research. It can allow people to assist with conservation efforts, spark youth interest in science, and increase the amount of data researchers can collect. This approach was essential to the success of a study by biologist Abbigail Merrill and colleagues of how butterfly color re lates to flower choice, which included findings from hundreds of students and community members in northwestern Arkansas.

Text 1
In separate studies, Lingbo Meng and colleagues and Xinhua He and colleagues examined whether plants transfer nutrients to one another using a common mycorrhizal network (CMN)—a lattice of fungal strands in the soil. Meng and colleagues excluded all pathways other than the CMN by using barriers to keep the plants’ root systems separate while allowing mycorrhizal strands through—a crucial step He and colleagues' study did not take.
Text 2
Meng and colleagues took the necessary precaution of separating the plants' root systems (thereby excluding root-to-root transmission). However, any barrier used must allow the thread-like hyphae of a CMN to pass through, and this permeability would also allow liquids through. Thus, the researchers' experimental design cannot ensure that any nutrient transfer observed can be attributed to a CMN and not to some other pathway.

Researchers César A, Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer; and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of businesses and places of interest found in a given neighborhood, The team used data from the Google Places APl service to help identify movie theaters, gyms, and other businesses and map their locations. This approach has some limits—data from Places API tend to be restricted to places that are customer facing—but the data set nonetheless provides an extremely reliable source to study colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.

Vadamalai Elangovan and Ganapathi Marimuthu showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx), a finding explicable in terms of benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may not enable the bats to increase foraging success enough to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory owls or hawks. Though many other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to greater short-nosed fruit bats, mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) display the opposite pattern, as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a different balance of reward and risk.

A number of artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, aggressively manipulate their recorded voice. The duo 100 gecs, for example, shifts the pitch of lead singer Laura Les's vocals to be much higher than that of her natural range. And even the hyperpop artists who don't rely on pitch-shifting, such as Shygirl, often distort their vocals using digital tools. Rather than being an arbitrary stylistic choice, hyperpop's persistent modification of the voice functions as a commentary on how digital technology mediates human experience to day.

“The Yellow Wallpaper" is an 1892 short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In the story, the narrator expresses mixed feelings about her surroundings: ______

It may seem that the optimal strategy for an animal pursuing prey or escaping predators is to move at maximal speed, but the energy expense of exploiting full speed capacity can disfavor such a strategy even in escape contexts, as evidenced by the fact that ______

The small white heron and the little blue heron are long legged birds that live in wetlands, like the Everglades in Florida, Laura D'Acunto and colleagues wanted to know how these birds choose an area in which to live. They looked at features of these birds' habitats, such as how quickly water drains from the area and the amount of tree-canopy cover there is in the area. They found that small white herons prefer areas with extensive canopy cover, but this was not true for little blue herons. The researchers therefore concluded that wetland-management strategies that increase the amount of tree canopy in potential wetland bird habitats are less likely to ______

Biologists Rebecca M, Calisi-Rodriguez and George E. Bentley examined research on white-throated sparrows and unstriped Nile rats, both of which have been studied in the laboratory as well as in the wild, to see how studies' settings might have affected their results. Lab studies are useful because they make it easy to control important variables, but white—throated sparrows' surroundings can significantly affect their hormone levels. Therefore, it's not altogether surprising that when Calisi-Rodriguez and Bentley examined studies of white-throated sparrows, they found that ______

Woven from recycled yarn and hand tufted using a carpet weaving technique passed down by the artist's Turkish grandmother, ______ so lush and tactilely inviting that you are tempted to reach out and touch them.

The editors of Home Ground: A Guide to the American Landscape turned to the ______ to craft the entry about “muskeg," a term referring to terrain containing peat bogs and stunted trees.

Featured in The New Woman Behind the Camera (2021) is a photograph taken in 1932 by Alma ______ “Self-Portrait," Lavenson's image contributes to the exhibition's goal of showcasing the diverse, innovative, and often aesthetically daring work of female photographers from the 1920s through the 1950s.

In her 1983 book The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild first explored at length her conception of a “sociology of emotions"—the idea that the various cultural and ideological frameworks a person has internalized (class, gender, political affiliation, etc.) ______ each emotional reaction that person has within a situation.

Photographer Mária Svarbová has reached audiences well beyond her home country of Slovakia. In 2021, her work was featured at Galerie LeRoyer in ______ the exhibited photographs, with their vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, captivated audiences.

In 2003, a study led by the researcher Alison G. Boyer investigated the relationship between grassland arthropod populations and agricultural ______ macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, such fertilizers boost the productivity of crops, potentially offering more nutrients for arthropods.

The world's first airplane, the 1903 Wright Flyer, was not very aerodynamic, as evidenced by its low lift-to-drag ratio of just 8.3 : 1. The Northrop F-5 jet, like most modern aircraft, is far more aerodynamic. ______ its lift-to-drag ratio is more than twice that of the Wright Flyer.

With many elements, like osmium, scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of the substance shortly after discovering its existence. ______ this wasn't the case with all elements. The process of isolating magnesium, for example, took years 53, to be precise.

Modernista architects championed nature in their designs. ______ the dramatic archways and bird-themed mosaics of Casa Lleó i Morera, a Modernista private home designed by Lluis Domènech i Montaner, couldn't exactly grow in a forest. Still, one sees natural influences in Domènech i Montaner's penchant for curves (rather than right angles) and plant- and animal-inspired flourishes.

Before the first railroads were built in Australia, engineers warned against using multiple track widths across the continent. ______ regional officials couldn't agree on a single-width system. Thus, railways in Victoria, like the Victorian Goldfelds Railway, were made using wide tracks, while those in New South Wales were built with narrow tracks.

Legislators in Ethiopia are elected via a first-past-the-post electoral system. In this winner-take-all voting system, the seat is awarded to the candidate who receives not a majority but a plurality (i. e., greatest number) of votes. ______ if several popular candidates are vying for the same seat, it is possible for a candidate to win an election despite receiving less than 50% of the votes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Huazalingo is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
• One service they provide is traffic control.
• Huazalingo's population was 12,766 in 2020.
• Its population was 12,779 in 2010. Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

• Vexillology is the study of flags.
• The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.
• These symbols often represent an aspect of the region's history, culture, or landscape.
• The flag of Slovakia includes the Tatra, Mátra, and Fatra mountains.
• The flag of Kiribati includes a frigatebird.