The following text is from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows. The Mole is returning home after a visit to Mr. Badger's house.
As he hurried along, eagerly anticipating the moment when he would be at home again among the things he knew and liked, the Mole saw clearly that he was an animal of tilled field and hedge-row, linked to the ploughed furrow, the frequented pasture, the lane of evening lingerings, the cultivated garden-plot.

British painter Peter Edwards is known for his portraits of notable figures in different fields, from poet Seamus Heaney to casting director Ruth Lambert. These works are widely praised, meaning that Edwards receives substantial ______ as an artist.

Farmhouse Interior, painted in the realist style by Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, depicts a peasant woman knitting at a table while a cat sits underneath. The realists’ emphasis on accurately portraying the experiences of average working people was largely a rejection of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Martin Drolling, which instead ______ their subjects' beauty or heroism while hiding all imperfection.

One way to evaluate the importance of a scholar's research is to ______ other scholars’ references to that research. For example, a count of other scholars' citations shows that Boston University economist Marianne Baxter, who studies international finance, is referenced frequently, indicating that her work has been significant in the field.

The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City has an exhibition of video games that includes Snake from 1997, which museum visitors can play on site, and SimCity 2000 from 1994, which visitors can see only in a video presentation. MOMA claims the video presentations are only for games that would be impractical to display in a playable form, but video games are an inherently interactive medium, a feature that is grossly absent in a video-only presentation.

When people think of dinosaurs with feathers, they typically think of winged dinosaurs, such as the bat-like Yi qi. However, many dinosaurs that didn't have wings also had feathers on their bodies. For instance, research indicates that the wingless, peacock-sized Caudipteryx likely had feathers.

Like all species of baleen whales, the humpback whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the humpback whale small—it can have a mass as high as 30,000 kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the fin whale, which can weigh a whopping 80,000 kg and consume as much as 24,000 kg of krill per day.

Text 1
When the 50-second-long film Arrival of the Train—which depicts what its title says, a train pulling into a station—was first shown publicly in 1896, spectators, naive to the new medium of film and seeing a train appearing to come directly at them, leaped from their seats and fled the room. This moment marks a major cultural shift: a new way of representing and seeing the world had arrived with that train, and nothing would ever be the same.
Text 2
The fact that there is no contemporary evidence that the first audience of Arrival of the Train was alarmed has not stopped the story from becoming canonical, even among film historians. But that phenomenon itself is highly revealing. Our belief that the coming of film was transformative is so strong that we invented and keep retelling a founding myth that divides cultural history into a (naive) “before” and (sophisticated) “after.”

Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of businesses and places of interest found in a given neighborhood. The team used data from the Google Places API service to help identify hotels, supermarkets, and other businesses and map their locations. This approach has some limits—data from Places API tend to be restricted to places that are customer facing—but the data set nonetheless provides an extremely reliable source to study colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.

A student is collecting data about countries with volcanoes that have been active in the time since 1800 and in the time since 1960. The student records that Nicaragua has ______

Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by Frances E.W. Harper. In one of Harper's poems, the speaker criticizes activists who champion humanitarian causes in other countries while overlooking local concerns, saying, ______

“A Pair of Silk Stockings” is an 1897 short story written by Kate Chopin. In the story, Mrs. Sommers becomes engrossed in the decision of how she should spend a recently obtained sum of money:

In a college course on urban affairs, a student asserts that increased traffic congestion in the United States in the 1990s was present both in very large cities such as New York City, New York, and smaller areas such as Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York, and Boise, Idaho; though those smaller areas may have been less affected by traffic congestion than very large cities, this congestion also worsened in them over time.

Liverpool Football club won more than half its home matches between 1947 and 2003, helping to distinguish the team as a top British professional soccer club. Additionally, Liverpool, whose home uniform color is mainly red, was more successful in home matches than was Watford Football Club, whose home uniform color is not red. Research has shown that many people associate the color red with power and dominance. Past experiences with red objects such as stop signs can even cause people to respond to the color red with caution and hesitation. These findings, if applicable in the context of athletic competitions, could suggest that in matches played at Liverpool's home stadium, opponents may have ______

The Mammillaria cactus M. anniana occurs naturally only in the state of Tamaulipas in Mexico, and the smallness of its range makes it especially vulnerable to extinction. The traditional single-species approach to conservation emphasizes the need to focus on individual species most at risk, like M. anniana, but recently, conservationists have argued that an ecosystem-based approach that incorporates the many interactions between the climate, terrain, and various species of a given geographical area may lead to better outcomes for all the species in a given location. If this view is correct, the single-species approach to the conservation of M. anniana could thus ______

The Seljuk Empire, which reigned in central Asia from around 1037 CE to 1194 CE, benefited from trade with other societies: its merchants exported cotton, silk, and fruit and ______ other valuable commodities, such as gold, silver, and agate, which were then traded locally.

Sofia, with a population of roughly 1.3 million people, ______ home to an impressive 15 percent of Bulgaria's total population.

Churchrock Chapter, which covers 58,000 acres, is one of the 110 chapters of the Navajo ______ Diné bizaad (the Navajo language), the chapter is called Kin Litsoh Sinili.

For the past 20 million years, Earth's magnetic poles in the far north and far south have remained roughly where they are today. This has not always been the ______ throughout geologic history, Earth's magnetic poles have swapped places several times through a process called polar wandering.

The 1970 founding of the Partido Nacional de La Raza Unida and the 1946 Mendez v. Westminster court decision are important events in US civil rights ______ former establishing a Latino rights advocacy group and the latter legally affirming the rights of Latino students.

In “Things That Have Lost Their Power,” one of the many lists in Sei Shonagon's Pillow Book, the author bemoans boats run aground, toppled trees, and defeated wrestlers. Such ______ paint a detailed picture of tenth-century Japanese courtly life.

In 2005, notoriously shy American singer-songwriter Ray LaMontagne saw his life change with the success of his hit single “Trouble.” That year, he performed more than thirty live sets, including at Avalon in Los Angeles, United States, and Théatre Outremont in Montreal, Canada; ______ he'd performed fewer than a dozen times in 2004.

• Thomas Edison is regarded as one of the most important inventors in US history.
• Having received little formal schooling, Edison relied on specialist employees at his various laboratories and offices to complete the technical work for many of his inventions.
• Reginald Fessenden was an electronic communications specialist who worked at the Edison Machine Works manufacturing company.
• He is best known for pioneering radio technology that led to the first transmission of speech by radio.
• Frank J. Sprague was a naval officer who worked at the Menlo Park laboratory.
• He is best known for being the father of electric traction.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Hina Hanta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
• It features images of cultural artifacts relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.
• It features clothing, including a shawl (anchi in Choctaw) made from cloth.
• The shawl was made in 1881.
• Hina Hanta features household items, including a mug (isht ishko) made from clay.
• The mug was made in 1915.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
• Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
• Minerals with smaller numbers are solter than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
• The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number of 3.
• The mineral orthoclase has a Mohs scale number of 6.
• The mineral topaz has a Mohs scale number of 8.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Fafnir is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous period.
• The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years ago.
• Fafnir is a member of the genus Triceratops.
• Fafnir is on display at the Science Museum of Minnesota.
• The Science Museum of Minnesota is in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Onomatopoeias are words that imitate the sounds they represent.
• Words that represent the same sound are often written and pronounced very differently from language to language.
• This variation is due in part to differences in how the languages are structured.
• “Kok-sss” is a Tagalog onomatopoeia that represents the sound of snoring.
• “Khò” is a Vietnamese onomatopoeia that represents the sound of snoring.

Smartphones and other small electronic devices tend to use batteries that can't be easily taken out and swapped for new ones. Environmental policy researcher Jean-Pierre Schweitzer warns that when these internal batteries stop working, the devices are usually thrown away, becoming harmful ______.

The following text is adapted from Kenneth Grahame's 1908 novel The Wind in the Willows. The Mole has been found by a friend after getting lost in the woods. It is beginning to snow.
The Mole saw the wood that had been so dreadful to him in quite a changed aspect. Holes, hollows, pools, pitfalls, and other menaces to the wayfarer were vanishing fast, and a gleaming carpet was springing up everywhere, that looked too delicate to be trodden upon by rough feet.

Jean Batten, who was the first person to fly between England and New Zealand solo, and Ynes Mexia, who was the first to discover the botanical genus Mexianthus, are ensured lasting places in our historical memory. No matter what others may do in the future, nobody can ever ______ the standing of these women as the first to accomplish these feats.

Whatever the general attitude toward Madeline Anderson's 1970 film I Am Somebody and Reginald Hudlin's 1990 film House Party when they were initially released, both films now tend to be regarded quite ______. In 2018, for example, critics for the New York Times praised the former as “galvanizing” and the latter as “exuberant.”

To evaluate their ideas about environmental conditions in the Pliocene epoch, paleontologists must turn to ______ evidence. Only material objects—such as the fossil remains of the individual known as AL 200-1, discovered in Ethiopia in 1975—can show whether a particular idea about the Pliocene is defensible.

Joseph A. Walker's award-winning play The River Niger was produced in 1972 by the groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC). NEC cofounder Douglas Turner Ward, who worked as an actor director, and playwright, had met actor and producer Robert Hooks while they were performing in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun. Together, they envisioned a theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater professionals. Since NEC's founding in 1967, its workshops and performances have given Black playwrights, including Walker, a forum for their compelling stories.

Burt Kotler and colleagues showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the greater Egyptian gerbil (Gerbillus pyramidum), a finding explicable in terms of benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may not enable the gerbils to increase foraging success enough to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory foxes or owls. Though many other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to greater Egyptian gerbils, Mohol bushbabies (Galago moholi) display the opposite pattern, as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a different balance of reward and risk.

Text 1
Isaac Asimov, author of The Caves of Steel and The Stars, Like Dust, is highly regarded despite his mediocre writing style. His prose is workmanlike; his characters are flat and discuss ideas rather than emotions. That his work is enjoyable despite this is a testament to his prodigious imagination—even if people read his books only for the ideas, they will have plenty to consider.
Text 2
Asimov is critiqued for his style, but it is wrong to fault a writer for failing to do what he never intended to do. For example, although most of his novel Foundation consists of people discussing science and politics and we find out little about his characters' lives, Asimov wanted to convey the vast sweep of human history over centuries, and one of his points is that at such a timescale, individuals don't matter. Thus his lack of characterization is central to his thematic airs.

Animals use many objects as tools to achieve goals more easily. Such goals include grooming, finding food, and protecting themselves. For a long time, people thought tool use was unique to primates. Sea otters and other animals, though, have busted the myth that tool use is limited to certain primates. Inventively, sea otters use stationary anvil stones to break open mollusk shells. Woodpecker finches also get creative. They use cactus spines to pry insects from hiding places.

A student is writing a paper on the global rise of the home video game industry during the 1980s. The student wants to know the release year of the video game Zelda H: The Adventure of Link, developed by Nintendo EAD. The student finds that this game was released in ______

A film studies student is researching early 20th-century film serials, which consisted of individual episodes of a single long story that were shown weekly in theaters. Clancy of the Mounted is a 1933 serial that, over its 12 episodes, kept its audience interested with the suspense and drama that are typical of the northern adventure genre. The student, however, claims that ultimately audiences of the time preferred resolution and closure over ongoing tension.

Treasure island is an 1883 novel by Robert Louis Stevenson. When the narrator was a child, his father ran a hotel. A mysterious sailor came to stay at the hotel. The narrator was frightened of the sailor, as can be seen when the narrator says, ______

Students in a biology class investigated why individual house mice (Mus musculus) can differ from one another in their susceptibility to cataracts in old age. The students compared wild-type mice and knockout mice, which are mice with specific genes deactivated, when mice of each type were raised in similar naturalistic environments and periodically tested for cataracts. Finding that knockout mice with the gene Aasdh deactivated tended to develop cataracts more frequently than did wild-type mice, the students concluded that differences in cataract frequency among house mice in nature are solely attributable to variations in the level of expression of Aasdh.

Narwhals are shy whales that live in the remote Arctic Ocean. Some of them have a long tusk, like a unicorn horn, with sensitive nerves. Narwhals are known for this tusk, but many actually don't have one and its purpose is unknown. One group of scientists came up with a possible purpose in 2014. The scientists suggested that the tusk may help narwhals determine when water around them is likely to start freezing and become dangerous for them. Marine biologist Kristin Laidre disagrees with that idea, though. She reasons that if the narwhal's tusk serves such an important purpose, then it's most likely that ______

Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addition to English—one can find Bartangi spoken in the neighborhood of Yorkville, or Ghale in Jackson Heights. Most speakers of Chinese languages reside in the neighborhood of Flushing (part of New York City's borough of Queens) and in Chinatown, in the borough of Manhattan. New immigrants from north China, where Mandarin is the primary first language, tend to settle in Queens, while new immigrants from south China, where many people speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as a first language, tend to settle in Manhattan. It can therefore be inferred that ______

F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1920 novel This Side of Paradise contains elements drawn from Fitzgerald's own life—there are many parallels between the experiences of the novel's protagonist, Amory Blaine, and those of Fitzgerald—and as a result This Side of Paradise is regularly described as an autobiographical novel. This characterization can be useful, but it also presents drawbacks in terms of how the work is perceived, as it may lead readers to believe that Fitzgerald merely fictionalized true events, which, in an artistic field where creativity and inventiveness are prized, can suggest that ______

Completed in 1886, Vincent van Gogh's drawing Behind the Hedge is less well known than his ______ it is still considered by scholars to be an important work.

On the other hand, Kansas City International Airport, which ______ located in Kansas City, Missouri, saw an overall increase in departing passengers over the same time period, from 4,891,704 total passengers to 5,759,138.

When Anglo and African Americans moved West in the nineteenth century to begin cattle ranching, they learned the trade from Spanish-speaking Mexican vaqueros (cowboys). This is why many ranching terms come from ______ English word “lasso” (a rope) comes from the Spanish word lazo, and “cinch” (a belt) comes from cincho.

The fact that many even-toed ungulates, including the Bawean deer (Axis kuhlii) and the south Andean deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus), meet the population criteria for endangered status validates the need for interventions that can prevent ______ from joining the ranks of the extinct.

Water boils at around 212°F at sea level, but in Questa, New Mexico (elevation: 7,461 feet above sea level), it boils at around 198°F. Food writer J. Kenji López-Alt, who explores the science behind cooking, ______ that lower boiling points at higher elevations “can wreak all sorts of havoc on recipes.”

While not the case with dimples, some inherited observable traits, or phenotypes, can change because of a variety of factors. ______ eye color can change because of age.

Just as the state of New York has a designated state flower, tree, and bird, it also has a state soil: Honeoye soil. Honeoye is a fitting choice for state soil, in large part because it can be found in abundance across the state. ______ it plays an important role in New York's agricultural industry and is used to grow a variety of crops, like corn and soybeans.

Roughly once an hour, a torrent of boiling water shoots up 100 feet or more from Yellowstone's Old Faithful geyser before plunging back to the surface—a cycle seemingly inhospitable to life. ______ as microbiologist Eric Boyd attests, “the geyser is...almost like a cradle for biodiversity,” home to numerous bacteria species that thrive in its sulfurous waters.

• Impact craters occur when a large object collides with Earth at high speeds.
• Examples of such objects include comets and meteorites.
• Newporte is an impact crater in the United States.
• Researchers have determined that it was formed less than 500 million years ago.
• The crater has a diameter of approximately 3.2 km.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• “Raymond's Run” is a short story.
• It was written by African American author Toni Cade Bambara.
• It was first published in her book Gorilla, My Love in 1972
• It is told from a first person perspective.
• It takes place in Harlem.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The green iguana is a species of reptile.
• It can be found in Central America and Brazil.
• The green iguana primarily eats leaves and fruit.
• It has an average length of 4.8 feet.