The following text is from Mark Twain's 1876 novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Tom, a child, has been told by his aunt to paint their house's fence. Tom appeared on the sidewalk with a bucket of whitewash and a long--handled brush. He surveyed the fence, and all gladness left him and a deep melancholy settled down upon his spirit. Thirty yards of board fence nine feet high.

Though most studies of the effect of altitude on blood chemistry usually concentrated on people who live about sea level, researchers Suleiman A. Al-Sweedan and Moath Alhaj have instead chosen the path in their recent work of studying the blood of people who live below sea level, in locations such as the California towns of Salton City and Imperial.

The Gleaners, painted in the realist style by Jean--Francois Millet, depicts peasants picking stray wheat from a field after the harvest. The realists'emphasis on accurately portraying the experiences of average working people was largely a rejection of the romantic style evident in many paintings by Jerome--Martin Langlois, which instead their subjects'beauty or heroism while hiding all imperfection.

Although our knowledge of the Pliocene epoch and the lives of the hominids during this time was once , recent analyses of fossils like that of the individual known as KNM-KP 271, discovered in Kenya in 1963, have sharpened our picture of what a day in the life of KNM-KP 271 may have looked like.

In what is now Washington State, the Tulalip Tribes operate the Hibulb Cultural Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution present Tulalip history and culture to the tribe's citizens. The Citizen Potawatomi Nation, a tribe in Oklahoma, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren't Indigenous--led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non--Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

Luang Prabang has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Luang Prabang associated with walkability—e.g., its human-scaled architecture— may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals' decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the role of local norms, others the role of demographic characteristics, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex context in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals' choices.

In Hoocak, an Indigenous language from the Mid-Atlantic region of what is now the United States, okayeke means "bad," whereas ati okayeye'tesel means "bad houses." This phenomenon, in which an element of a root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the element "ye" in okayake gets repeated in ati okayeye'tesel. There are many examples of this type of reduplication in Hoocak.

Researcher Cesar A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castaner, and Andres Sevtsuk created a computer model to predict the mix of businesses and places of interest found in a given neighborhood. The team used data from the Google Places API service to help identify furniture stores, florists, and other businesses and map their locations. This approach has some limits—data from Places API tend to be restricted to places that are customer facing—but the data set nonetheless provides an extremely reliable source to study colocation patterns of neighborhood amenities.

The groundbreaking Negro Ensemble Company (NEC), founded in 1967, produced Paul Carter Harrison's award-winning play The Great MacDaddy in 1974. The company was cofounded by Robert Hooks, an actor, producer, and activist, and actor and playwright Douglas Turner Ward, who had met while performing in a 1960 touring production of Lorraine Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun. They shared a vision of a theater company that would nurture and showcase the work of Black theater professionals. Since its beginning, NEC has provided a forum for the voices of Harrison and other Black playwrights through workshops and performances.

Poems is an 1895 collection of poetry by Frances E.W. Harper. In one of Harper's poems, the speaker criticizes activists who champion humanitarian causes in other countries while overlooking local concerns, saying

The Cherokee Nation, the Seminole Nation, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. An economics student is researching the tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare the average amount that industry contributed per employee to Oklahoma's economy with the average amount contributed per employee by three other industries. Looking at the table, the student finds that tribal economic activity contributed over $141,000 per employee, on average, ranking it .

To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega Region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the forest cover area across different land use capability class (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land.) Due to the Chorotega region's accessibility, various types of forest areas were converted to cattle practices as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. By the mid 1980s, however, increased public awareness and environmental reforms, along with a decline in meat prices, engendered a natural forest regrowth, as evident by the .

Veronice L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which ranged from clicks in Manduca pellenia to whistles in Rhodinia fugax. Although some insects use sound to communicate with members of the same species, the researchers claim that the caterpillar sounds recorded in their study are directed primarily at predators.

The British Bronze Age began when sophisticated techniques for making tools, weapons, and other objects from metal were introduced to the British Isles around 2500 BCE, and it lasted until around 700 BCE. In Britain during this time, collections of valuable metal objects (called hoards) were sometimes buried for safekeeping. Some stayed buried for many centuries, such as the Parc-y-Meirch hoard, which was unearthed around 1868, and the Fittleworth hoard, discovered in 1995. And although the period is known as the Bronze Age, some hoards, like the Fittleworth hoard, contained decorative objects made of gold; gold was much rarer than bronze, however, and thus it is not surprising that .

The state of North Dakota has designated the spiny water flea as an invasive species that could outcompete some of the state's native species. Many other states draw similar distinctions between invasive and native species. But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason McLachlan have pointed out that Earth's climate is changing in ways that challenge such designations. Climate changes may cause animals to leave their current ranges and establish new ones. Climate changes may also create good habitats in areas where a species couldn't live previously. These observations suggest that .

Water boils at around 212°F at sea level, but in Highland, Utah (elevation: 4,977 feet above sea level), it boils at around 202°F. Food writer J. Kenji López-Alt, who explores the science behind cooking, ______ that lower boiling points at higher elevations "can wreak all sorts of havoc on recipes."

It is widely known that New York City's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) ______ a vast collection of oil paintings, including Franz Marc's The World Cow and Katherine S. Dreier's Abstract Portrait of Marcel Duchamp.

Lily Everett and Mary Foote were among the 300 artists who exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, a groundbreaking New York City art exhibition that introduced modernism to American audience. Marcel Duchamp's abstract cubist aesthetic received the most skepticism form critics, as ______ represented a radical departure from the more realistic painting style that was popular at the time.

In Moscow, Russia, the average temperature is 62.6 degrees Fahrenheit in June, ______ to 66.6 degree in July, and then dips slightly to 62.6 degrees in August.

After finding information about Major Robert Odell Owens, who represented New York in the United States House of Representatives, the student discovered biographical sketches of two other Black Americans who served in ______Josiah Thomas Walls of Florida and Thomas Ezekiel Miller of South Carolina.

The first documented use of the English word "depart" is attributed to poet Geoffrey Chaucer's 1386 work "The Parson's Tale." However, Chaucer didn't write in Modern English; ______ he wrote in what we now call Middle English, which was commonly used during the period.

In his essay "Of Coaches," French philosopher Michel de Montaigne explores a relatively light subject, but he expresses heavier fare in "Of the Inconvenience of Greatness." Regardless of subject matter, Montaigne works to question his own perspective throughout his essay. ______ his personal motto was "What do I know?"

Blanche K. Bruce was an outspoken abolitionist whose Washington, DC, home was a stop on the underground railroad (the network of people and places that some enslaved people used to escape to freedom). It was relatively rare for supporters of the railroad to be secretive about their antislavery views. ______ they were vocal abolitionist like Bruce.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes.
• The Archipelago-Madrean Mountains are located in northwestern Mexico.
• They cover an area of 1,038 square miles (mi2)
• The Big Hatchet Mountains are located in the southwestern United States.
• They cover an area of 65 mi2
• These mountain ranges are two of the dozens of "sky inlands" in the southwestern US and northwestern Mexico.
• A sky inland is an isolated mountain range whose environment differs dramatically from that of the surrounding lowlands.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Future of Nostalgia is a scholarly book by literary theorist Svetlana Boym.
• The book provides a multifaced exploration of the concept of nostalgia.
• Chapter 14 discusses themes of nostalgia in Joseph Brodsky's writing.
• Chapter 17 discusses various skeptics' takes on the concept of nostalgia.
• In chapter 17, Boym writes, "The poethics of nostalgia combines estrangement and human solidarity, affect and reflection."

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Hina Ranta is an online archive curated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
• Hina Ranta means "bright path" in Choctaw.
• It features images of cultural artifacts relevant to the history of the Choctaw people.
• It includes a cup (isht ishko in Choctaw) made from clay.
• It includes a stickball collar (innuchi) made from horsehair.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A currency is a money system.
• Sometimes, countries adopt a new currency to replace an older one.
• Mozambique adopted the escudo as its official currency in 1914.
• The metical replaced the escudo in 1980.
• The metical remains Mozambique's official currency.

The following text is adapted from John Matheus's 1926 short story, "Mr. Bradford Teaches Sunday School." Mr. Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.
The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen of silver and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the mourning of the dead. The pine cones were pungent, the pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread themselves along the water courses while the willows wept as they always did.
Mr. Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature.

Béláné Mocsáry, who traveled solo to four continents in the early 1900s, undoubtedly accomplished much, but her place in our historical memory is perhaps more ______ than that of a noteworthy "first" such as Adeline and Augusta Van Buren, who were the first women to ride solo motorcycles across the continental United States, a deed for which they will always be remembered.

A number of recording artists______ distinctions between Indigenous music and other musical style. For example, Inuit singer-songwriter Tanya Tagaq incorporated Inuit throat singing into electronic music on her album Tongue, and Swinomist/Inupiaq musician Black Belt Eagle Scout combined powwow-style melodies with rock on her album At the Party with My Brown Friends.

Text corpora such as the British National Corpus are enormous collections of electronically stored texts that can be used for empirical testing of hypotheses regarding how ______ a word is in spoken and written English. For instance, one might have a guess about the incidence of the word "world," but only an analysis of a corpus can prove that "world" is the eighth most commonly used noun.

though it seemed to many mathematicians, the honeycomb conjecture, posited in the first century BCE, eventually yielded to the efforts of Thomas C. Hales, who presented a proof of it in 1999.

Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana weaves stories of triumph, using her unique method of applying colorful yarn to photographs of people. In some works, Villasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons who are people of color, as she does in her depiction of activist Ryu Gwansun. However, in other works, Villasana honors ordinary people, as she does in her captivating portrayal of young girl sitting on a sidewalk. Villasana sees both of these approaches as ways of depicting the power and interconnectedness of all people.

Text 1
For decades, ornithologists assumed that if they saw a singing Bell's vireo—a bird species found in temperate North American—they must be observing a male. That's because birdsong has long been considered a male trait; researchers have argued that males to attract mates and claim territory.
Text 2
Recent evidence shows that a female Bell's vireo is as capable of song as a male is. In fact, Karan J. Odom and colleagues found evidence of female song in 71% of the 323 species they examined. They claim that the historical mischaracterization of birdsong as a male trait is largely the result of bias: much of the research ornithologists have carried out has been near universities in the temperate northern hemisphere, where female birdsong is less common than it is in the tropics.

Like all species of baleen whales, the Antarctic minke whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the Antarctic minke whale small—it can have a mass as high as 10,000 kg—it is one of the smaller whales and is much smaller than the bowhead whale, which can weight a whopping 66,000 kg and consume as much as 19,800 kg of krill per day.

Meredith E. Protas and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Bas J. Zwaan and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologist Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

A run-of-river hydroelectric power plant, as the name suggests, uses the natural flow of a water source to generate electricity but is unable to start or stop that flow through its generator. In contrast, a peaking hydroelectric power plant (used when demand for electricity peaks) controls the flow of water through its generators: starting flow when demand is high enough, stopping it when demand is too low, and otherwise regulating it to keep pace with changing electricity needs. Although peaking plants do not typically operate continuously as run-of-river plants do, peaking plants can generate more megawatt-hour of power per year (MWh/yr) than some run-of-river plants. For example, the

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Lake Mjosa in Norway, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake's depth, volume, and surface area, but a climate researcher claims that some lakes in these latitudes have seen a decline in the duration of ice between the early 1980s and the mid-2000s.

Some fuel additives contain cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 -NPs), which can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2015 study, Mael Garaud and colleagues found that CeO2 -NPs can accumulate in the bodies of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently worrisome, it has been hypothesized that CeO2 -NP bioaccumulation in invertebrate like D. polymorpha could serve a valuable proxy role, obviating the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of vertebrate species— such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing—for manipulative bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently require.

Callie W Babbitt, Hema Madaka, and colleagues assembled a database of materials used in consumer electronics by studying products in the lab and by gathering data from similar product studies. The team gave each of these studies a rating for level of traceability (with a higher rating for clearer description of procedures) and for category consistency (with a higher rating for using materials categories more closely aligned with the categories in the team's database). Based on these ratings, a second research team concluded that the methodology was better explained in a study by Jaco Huisman and colleagues than it was in a study by Oguchi Masahiro and colleagues.

Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive from many sources, such as Preiddeu Annwfn, composed around 900, and Perceval, the Story of the Grail from around 1181. Sir Thomas Malory's 15th-centruy text Le Morte d'Arthur was an attempt to compile these stories into a coherent narrative. Many of Malory's sources derive from Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain, written in the 1130s. While neither History nor any works that predate it mention Arthur's famous Round Table at which his knights assembled, Le Morte d'Arthur does, suggesting that .

In June of 1987, South Korean liberalized its stock market, meaning that it began allowing foreign individuals and businesses to invest money in South Korean companies. This was part of a wave of stock markets liberalization from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s—Brazil in 1988, Venezuela in 1900, and so on. In an analysis of economic data from 1976 to 1993, Ross Levine and Sara Zervos found that liberalization did not lead to enduring increases in investment in companies based in countries that liberalized. Peter Blair Henry, however, found that, on average, investment in companies in liberalized countries increased significantly in the three years following liberation. Taken together, these results suggest that .

Each year, the Nobel Prize in Literature is given to an author who has, in the words of its founder Alfre Nobel, "produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic______ in 1952, for instance, judges recognized Francois Mauriac "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life."

In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle paths such as the San Gabriel River bicycle path—which is 28 miles long—have become an increasingly popular means of travel. Moreover, lawyer and cycling has identified several features of the Los Angeles landscape, like its temperate climate and mostly flat roads, that make the city naturally bike-friendly.

Yerevan is the capital city of Armenia and, roughly one million people, home to an impressive 36 percent of Armenia's total population.

It was the kind of challenge that would set any art curator's mind into ______ that elusive thread that could link artists as disparate as American abstract painter Anne Ryan, Romanian impressionist painter Micaela Eleutheriade, and Flemish mannerist painter Anthony van Dyck.

In 2020, internationally renowned Slovak photographer Mária Svarbová exhibited her work at the Contessa Gallery and the Art Angle Gallery in the United States and ______ utilizing vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, Svarbova's photographs evoke a Socialist-era aesthetic that she describes as "minimalistic but also futuristic."

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including Trypnotyx by Victor Wooten, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song "Rapper's ______ he joined the label after the song's release.

With their distinctive cone shapes and steeply sloping sides, the volcanoes Maungarei (New Zealand) and Harunasan (Japan) may look similar from afar. Tehnuka Ilanko and other volcanologists, ______ can tell by how each was formed that Maungarei is a cinder cone volcano, while Harunasan is a composite volcano.

Space scientist Maggie Aderin-Pocock is excited about the potential of the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Unlike its predecessor the Hubble Telescope, the JWST is optimized for infrared wavelength. When light from distant galaxies is infrared, ______ the JWST can provide sharp images that reveal much more information about those galaxies than the Hubble could.

• Antonio Stradivari (1644-1737) made about 1,000 violins in his lifetime.
• Musicians prize his Stradivarius violins for their famed sound quality.
• Many of the 500 or so that exist today are named for a previous owner.
• The Jules Falk Stradivarius is named for Jules Falk, an American violinist.

• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist.
• She is well known for her large-scale LED light sculptures.
• Argentum debuted in 2018 at the Bronx Museum of the Arts in New York City, New York.
• It is made of iridescent multicolored LED domes.
• It occupies 253 cubic feet of space.

• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American figures in water.
• The painting Lightness of Being (24×30 in) depicts a young man with his arms outstretched floating on the right side of the canvas.
• Lost in the Shuffle (36 × 24 in) depicts two young men with their arms outstretched floating in the bottom left and upper right conners of the canvas.
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including sky blue and indigo.
• The mood in the painting is calm.

• Ynes Mexia was a Mexican American botanist.
• Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical samples throughout the Americas.
• She collected a sample of Trixis antimenorrhoea in Minas Gerais, Brazil, on June 26, 1930.
• She collected a sample of Stephanomeria thurberi in Chihuahua, Mexico, on May 27, 1929.
• These specimens are members of the Asteraceae family.
• They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.