The unique subak water management system used to irrigate the rice paddy fields of the Indonesian island of Bali has a rich cultural, philosophical, and historical significance dating back to the ninth century. The many elements of subak—terraces, canals, and water temples—are ______: they are joined together into a single cohesive unit.

Paleontologists think that Tyrannosaurus, Sauroposeidon, and other long-extinct theropods and sauropods may have breathed using air sacs connected to tubelike extensions inside the animals’ bones. Such structures are found in modern birds, which is why some paleontologists treat the respiratory systems of birds as ______ those of Tyrannosaurus, Sauroposeidon, and other theropods and sauropods.

The Egyptian plover—a bird native to Africa—has a symbiotic relationship with the Nile crocodile. While a crocodile rests on land with its mouth open for extended periods of time, the plover eats the food that is stuck in the crocodile’s teeth. This ______ relationship provides a nutritious meal for the bird and removes potentially dangerous bacteria from the crocodile’s mouth.

The following text is from a 1955 translation of Samuel Beckett’s 1951 novel Molloy (translated by the author and Patrick Bowles). In the text, Molloy has arrived at the town ramparts, an elevated walkway atop the city walls.
And having cleared the ramparts I had to confess the sky was clearing, prior to its winding in the other shroud, night. Yes, the great cloud was ravelling, discovering here and there a pale and dying sky, and the sun, already down, was manifest in the livid tongues of fire darting towards the zenith, falling and darting again, ever more pale and languid, and doomed no sooner lit to be extinguished.
©1955 by Grove Press, Inc.

The following text is adapted from Akwaeke Emezi’s 2019 novel Pet. Jam is a teenager who lives with her father, Aloe, and her mother, Bitter, who is a painter.
Bitter finished the painting in the dark morning of a day—it was well past midnight when Jam heard the studio door creak open. She stared into the velvet black of her room and listened to her mother’s footsteps walking in her [mother] and Aloe’s bedroom. There was a weight thrumming through the floorboards in a low song, and that was how Jam knew the painting was done. Bitter’s feet were singing the news.
©2019 by Akwaeke Emezi

In 2016 Ana Filipa Lopes and colleagues published a study concluding that ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Atherina presbyter, a species of fish. However, Lopes and colleagues’ study relied on a mean sample size of only about 15 fish. In a 2022 review of various scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish behavior, Timothy D. Clark and colleagues caution that relying on such a relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis. Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Habitat navigation is a skill that helps animals reach food or safety. To test how navigation works in fish, Shachar Givon and colleagues taught goldfish to drive a vehicle—a motorized fish tank with wheels—on land. The vehicle was programmed to move in the same direction that the fish swam in within the tank. In the experiment, the fish were tasked with driving their tank to a pink board. They received a treat when they succeeded, and they often did. Because the fish could move their tank to the board, Givon concludes that their navigational skills aren’t specific to an aquatic environment.

Deposits of valuable objects, or hoards, have been unearthed in many different parts of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Some of these hoards were discovered before 2000; for example, ______

Researcher Helen O’Neill and her team were studying sponges in the family Irciniidae when they discovered that three of the sponges were functioning as microhabitats for banded sand catsharks (Atelomycterus fasciatus). Additionally, the team found that male and female A. fasciatus share the same sponge (the same microhabitat), a behavior not found among Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni), another seabed-dwelling species.

Olms are salamanders that live in underwater caves. Scientists once thought that olms stay in their caves all their lives. However, Raoul Manenti and team claim that olms regularly come to the surface to perform important activities such as finding food.

Studies have shown that plants usually have a negative electrical charge, while bees and other pollinators tend to have a positive charge. Because negatively and positively charged objects attract, a team of researchers examined whether this mechanism plays a role in the transmission of pollen between plants and pollinators. The researchers’ experiments showed that positive charges above 200 picocoulombs (pC) could draw pollen grains to a pollinator, so they concluded that both bumblebees and European peacock butterflies can attract pollen.

Elisabeth Pötzelsberger and colleagues gathered data on 23 non-native tree species grown in Europe. They analyzed reports from Denmark, Finland, and Belgium about the number of these species grown by the timber industries in those countries. The researchers concluded that none of these countries’ timber industries grow all 23 species.

Creeping dogwood (Cornus canadensis) plants are native to Alaska, where harsh conditions have historically impeded potential invasive species. As the boreal climate has warmed in recent decades, however, common knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare) plants have established themselves in Alaska. It has been suggested that warming-induced delays in the onset of subfreezing temperatures in autumn can benefit invasives more than native species; to evaluate this possibility, biologists Christa Mulder and Katie Spellman tracked C. canadensis and P. aviculare, along with other native and invasive species, over several years, concluding that invasives are advantaged by delays in subfreezing temperature onset in Alaska.

Southern Colorado’s Conejos County is among the most rural counties in the United States: the US Census Bureau classified it as 100% rural in 2010. Researchers studying populations of counties like Conejos often struggle to recruit and retain participants. Melissa Valerio and colleagues tested whether a method called snowball sampling could improve recruitment and retention. Working in two rural counties, the researchers identified a small number of people who had the characteristics desired for a proposed study and asked them to recruit additional participants from their social networks. Valerio and colleagues found that participants recruited via snowball sampling showed a much higher retention rate than did people recruited by strangers, suggesting that ______

In the periodic table, an element’s atomic number indicates how many protons there are in an atom of the element. For example, a xenon atom ______ 54 protons. Professor Raymond Chang explains this concept in more detail in the textbook Chemistry.

Koulsy Lamko, born in 1959, is a playwright from Dadouar, Chad. In recent years more writers from Chad, including Lamko, ______ to reach audiences beyond the African nation’s borders.

The Borgia map is a mappa mundi from the fifteenth century. Currently held at the Vatican Library in Vatican City, it is one of over 1,000 such world maps from the European Middle Ages still remaining, with the even older Hereford map from the fourteenth century (now held at Hereford Cathedral in Hereford, England) ______ another one.

The African baobab (Adansonia digitata) known as Panke Baobab, located in Zimbabwe, was one of the oldest known trees in the world, at 2,419 years old. With over two millennia of climate data in its tree ______ single tree like this, claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

The transit method, a means of indirect planetary discovery, has detected previously unknown exoplanets at vast distances from ______ the super Earth TRAPPIST-1 b; at 352 light-years away, the super Earth Kepler-102 f; and, as of 2023, over 4,000 other exoplanets that are too far away and dim to be observed directly.

L. Leann Kanda, a researcher and sewing enthusiast, experimented with several techniques in her attempt to replicate the famous pleating of the Fortuny Delphos gown. The specific method, which the fashion ______ developed in the early twentieth century, is considered lost.

While studying jorō spiders, a large species originally from East Asia, University of Georgia researchers wondered if the spiders’ rapid spread throughout the southeastern US was a result of aggressive behavior. ______ they discovered that jorō spiders are gentle giants who react to even minor disturbances by “freezing” in place for an hour or more.

Some bands choose a name that’s as unique as possible to distinguish themselves from other bands. The electronic rock band Primary, ______ took a different approach. They chose to name themselves after a song by a well-known band, the Cure.

Portuguese researcher Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira reports that the caffeic acid in termite mushrooms benefits the mushroom by combating harmful molecules called free radicals. ______ Ferreira suggests that the acid can promote cellular health in humans, who also experience free radical damage.

The Eloi are not real: they are fictional creatures that feature in H.G. Wells’s acclaimed science fiction novella The Time Machine. ______ the Eloi were prime candidates for inclusion in Jorge Luis Borges and Margarita Guerrero’s The Book of Imaginary Beings, a compendium of fantastical entities from legend and literature.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A supercontinent is a single landmass made up of most or all of Earth’s continents.
• Over time, continents merge together to form supercontinents, which then break apart.
• This process is believed to take hundreds of millions of years and is known as the supercontinent cycle.
• Ur was a supercontinent that formed about 3.1 billion years ago.
• Pangaea was a supercontinent that formed about 300 million years ago.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Charles Bertram Johnson (1880–1958) was an African American poet.
• Johnson also worked as an educator and minister.
• “Old Things” is a poem by Johnson.
• It was published in the March 1923 issue of The Crisis.
• The Crisis is an influential Black literary magazine.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Body positions are an important part of dance.
• In ballroom dance, there is a position called closed facing position.
• It is one of several positions for partner dancing.

The following text is from Jacqueline Woodson’s 2018 novel Harbor Me. In the novel, the narrator and Esteban are classmates.
An hour after class started on that Friday, Esteban came in, his head down, his hair slicked wet against his forehead, his Yankees cap dripping with rain.
©2018 by Jacqueline Woodson

Examining samples from coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean, a team of microbiologists was able to ______ as many as 3 million different species of bacteria. The team classified the bacteria by looking at differences in their DNA. These results suggest that there are more bacteria species than scientists previously thought.

Japanese artist Asai Chū was greatly influenced by European painting styles. For this reason, he often painted with oil on canvas. Yokoyama Taikan chose traditional Japanese methods instead: he ______ his painting Seisei Ruten by applying ink to a silk surface.

Andrea Wang’s book Watercress has earned a lot of praise. In fact, the book ______ the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature.

For many decades, US movie studios produced a slow trickle of franchise movies—sequels, spin-offs, and other movies featuring familiar stories and characters. But the flow seems to have increased significantly since the early 2010s, with franchise films like Minions and Jurassic World Dominion flooding movie screens. Instead of focusing on original stories, movie studios keep making franchise entries, reusing the same plots and characters. This excessive reliance on franchises has limited filmmakers’ opportunities to bring fresh ideas to movie screens.

“Tomato” is an example of a loanword—that is, a word that originated in one language and was later adopted by another. The word came to English indirectly from tomate, the Spanish word for the widely cultivated plant. Spanish had borrowed it from Nahuatl, an Indigenous language of Central Mexico, in which the word’s original form is tomatl. “Iguana” also has an Indigenous origin and entered English through Spanish. But in this case, the original source was Taíno, a language of the Caribbean islands, in which the word for the group of related lizard species is iwana.

Text 1
In 1979 Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presented college students and faculty from Israel, Sweden, and the United States with hypothetical questions involving financial decisions. The finding that a loss is felt more keenly than is a gain of the same value led the researchers to formulate the concept of loss aversion, which has since informed research in fields ranging from behavioral economics to medicine.
Text 2
To test the finding of Kahneman and Tversky’s 1979 study, Kai Ruggeri et al. asked participants (some college educated, some not) from Australia, Slovenia, and seventeen other countries the same questions as the ones used in the 1979 study. Ruggeri et al. concluded that although replication rates (how well research findings reproduce across contexts) varied somewhat between countries—the rate was 100% in Australia and 85% in Slovenia—the average replication rate was an impressive 92%.

In the late 1880s, Ida B. Wells-Barnett began her journalism career and served as a newspaper editor and civil rights activist. Wells-Barnett’s accomplishment is just one example of the rich history of Black journalism in the United States. That history is preserved by the National Association of Black Journalists, which was founded in Washington, D.C., in 1975 to support Black media professionals and honor people like Wells-Barnett.

The following text is adapted from Rupa Bajwa’s 2004 novel The Sari Shop. Ramchand works as an assistant in a shop in Amritsar, India.
Even at ten in the morning, the bazaar was throbbing with activity. The halwai [baker] was already installed in front of the Mishthaan Sweet Shop, pressing jalebi batter into squiggly shapes that floated and simmered in the oil in a big iron cauldron. All the shops had opened for the day and, Ramchand noted guiltily, all the shop assistants were already in place, trying to sell things with fixed, attentive smiles on their shiny, bathed faces.
©2004 by Rupa Bajwa

In a study by Mika R. Moran, Daniel A. Rodriguez, and colleagues, residents of Mexico City, Mexico, and Bogotá, Colombia, were surveyed about parks in their cities. Of the 562 respondents from Mexico City, 77.6% indicated that they use the city’s parks, and of the 1,121 respondents from Bogotá, 71.9% indicated using city parks. Given that the percentage of respondents who reported having access to desired nonpark amenities was much lower in Mexico City than in Bogotá, the difference in park use can’t be explained by Mexico City residents having more access to desired nonpark amenities near parks.

A student is writing an essay on the subject of cultured meat, which is grown in a laboratory and is intended to help reduce the number of livestock harvested for food. The student wants to make the case that cultured meat production may be useful in responding to an expected widespread change in the public’s behavior.

Regulations called RSRs prevent insurance companies from raising prices by large amounts. Researchers Naoki Aizawa and Ami Ko collected data about the years in which various US states implemented RSRs.

Few of the most commercially successful films in US movie theaters are in a language other than English. One journalist claims that to overcome what director Bong Joon-ho calls “the one-inch-tall barrier of subtitles,” it is essential for a film to receive an Oscar nomination: non-English language films that are not given this public indication of high quality will struggle to find an audience compared with those that do receive Oscar nominations.

“The Selfish Giant” is an 1888 short story by Oscar Wilde. In the story, a group of children play in a local garden after school. The children appreciate the garden because it allows them to experience nature.

British professional soccer team Sheffield United Football Club, whose home uniform color is mainly red, won more than half its home matches between 1947 and 2003. This is a higher proportion of home matches than Cardiff City Football Club, whose home uniform color is not red, won during the same period. According to a study by Martin J. Attrill and colleagues, the color red can cause people to respond with fear and hesitation, which the researchers think helps explain Sheffield United’s success. Nadav Goldschmied and colleagues reanalyzed the published data from this study, however, and found no evidence that red-uniformed teams are more likely than other teams to win, suggesting that Sheffield United’s success at its home stadium is ______

Studies conducted in individual Western societies have demonstrated associations between personality traits and five musical factors (mellowness, unpretentiousness, sophistication, intensity, and contemporariness) underlying individual preferences for styles of Western music. To investigate these associations across cultures, David M. Greenberg et al. collected music-preference assessments for Western genres and self-reported personality traits from participants in fifty-three countries across six continents. The study confirmed that the five-factor framework accurately captured participants’ tastes in Western music, and, moreover, the study found similar correlations between patterns of these factors and of personality traits, suggesting that ______

From Belmopan, Belize, to Wiesbaden, Germany, the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) ______ offices in more than 200 cities around the world.

Welsh nurse Betsi Cadwaladr assisted soldiers during the Crimean War. Many nurses from that war, including Cadwaladr, ______ later commended for their service.

At the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Los Angeles, California, students can learn the world-famous Meisner technique. This technique emphasizes reacting naturally to one’s environment in a scene and ______ actors to focus less on their own movement and speech.

When the Greengate shopping mall, an indoor, temperature-controlled complex in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, was completed in 1965, the mall was just emerging as a new shopping concept. By the mid-1980s, American “mall culture” was at its peak, with hundreds of malls acting as ______ commercial, and cultural hubs throughout the US.

When the electrons of a chemical element change energy states, they release certain wavelengths of light that are unique to that element. This means that the emission of light with a wavelength of 430.5 nanometers (nm), which falls in the 380–450 nm range defining the violet portion of the visible spectrum, ______ the element titanium as the source of the light.

The composite volcano Midagahara in Japan has steep sides and a cone shape. ______ the cinder cone volcano Maungarei in New Zealand also features steep sides and a cone shape.

As part of a study, participants were asked to list animals they thought of as “charismatic,” which was defined as “attractive, fascinating, or appealing.” Researchers compiled the responses into a single list and found that the lion and the crocodile both landed in the top twenty. ______ no animal outranked the tiger.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The lava heron is a species of bird that can be found on the Galápagos Island of Rábida.
• It has an average weight of 210 grams.
• The green warbler finch is a species of bird that can be found on the Galápagos Island of Rábida.
• It has an average weight of 8 grams.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Elizabeth Catlett (1915–2012) was a celebrated African American artist.
• She is best known for creating sculptures and prints that explore the Black experience.
• Catlett’s sculpture Face is made of marble.
• She created this sculpture in 1973.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Modern Pueblo tribal nations were preceded by the Ancestral Puebloan civilization, which occupied parts of the southwestern US until approximately 1600 CE.
• Yellow Jacket Pueblo in southwestern Colorado is a former Ancestral Puebloan settlement inhabited from approximately 1075–1250 CE.
• It was constructed on relatively flat terrain and had multistory adobe and stone buildings.
• These buildings had cube-shaped, contiguous rooms that surrounded kivas.
• Kivas are round rooms typically used for ceremonial purposes and as gathering spaces.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A true-to-scale model of the solar system shows the relative sizes and positions of the major objects in the solar system.
• The Akaa Solar System Scale Model in Akaa, Finland, is a true-to-scale model solar system.
• The Akaa Solar System Scale Model is built to a scale of roughly 1:3 billion.
• The model Sun there is 0.46 meters in diameter.
• The actual Sun is 1.39 billion meters in diameter.