The Apollo Moon landings (1969-1972) brought atmospheric sensors and seismic sensors to the Moon and produced large amounts of data. Researcher Renee Weber, who is investigating tectonic activity on the Moon, continues to use Apollo’s data, demonstrating that the missions’ value to science is ______.

Because cyanobacteria and other microphytobenthos (MPB)—microscopic organisms inhabiting tidal flats—are consumed by mussels as well as by certain shorebirds and fish, MPB are ______ estuary ecosystems. Decreased MPB abundance, which may be caused by environmental stressors, thus has a direct, negative impact on coastal food webs.

Some pieces of music might have many meanings—the compositions of Charlotte Moorman can ______ as many different interpretations as there are people to listen to them—and so as long as a listener's interpretation isn't willfully absurd or the result of inattention, it is difficult to justify the claim that the listener has misunderstood the piece.

The inventories of consonant sounds among the Polynesian languages of the Pacific tend toward the ______: Sikaiana in the South Pacific has a total of nine consonants, and ‘Ōlelo Hawai'i, the language of the Native Hawaiian people, has one fewer, while the global median per language is over twenty-two.

Founded in Long Beach, California, in 1996, the Museum of Latin American Art is dedicated to modern and contemporary art by Latin American artists and Latino artists in the United States. Since its founding, it has acquired more than 1,300 objects for its permanent collection. More recently founded US-based institutions devoted to Latino cultures include Casa de Rosado. Located in Lansing, Michigan, it focuses on the arts and cultures of Latino communities in Michigan.

The following text is adapted from D.A. Lozano’s 1844 poem “A Remembrance of Puerto Cabello—The Mangle” (translated by Agnes Blake Poor in 1918). The poem is a dedication to Puerto Cabello, a town on the northern coast of Venezuela.
And while outside the tempest is raving o’er the ocean,
And the ship is madly driving on some lone and desert shore;
Thy warm and land-locked waters swell with an easy motion,
And gently glides the light pirogue [canoe] at dipping of the oar.

In what is now New Mexico, the Pueblo of Pojoaque operates the Poeh Cultural Center. Relying on traditional knowledge to guide the design of exhibits, this institution presents Pojoaque history and culture to the tribe’s citizens. The Tohono O’odham Nation, a tribe in Arizona, employs a similar strategy in its own cultural center. Both centers contrast with museums that aren’t Indigenous-led; when displaying Indigenous artifacts, such museums tend to anticipate mainly non-Indigenous audiences and rely on Euro-centric strategies for designing exhibits.

The Hawaiian archipelago is home to the kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), one of several bird species that can only be found on the islands. Due to Hawaii’s uniquely varied geographic and ecological conditions, the kiwikiu became highly specialized as it adapted to survive in a specific island habitat. However, like many highly specialized species, the kiwikiu is particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors, such as disease, invasive species, and habitat destruction, that disrupt the delicately balanced ecosystems in which the birds live.

The following text is adapted from Guy de Maupassant's 1884 short story “A Recollection,” from the collection Guy de Maupassant Short Stories (translated by Albert M.C. McMaster et al. in 1903). The narrator is taking a boat down the Seine river from Paris, France, to the surrounding countryside.
I took up a position in the bows [front of the boat], standing up and looking at the quays, the trees, the houses and the bridges disappearing behind us. And suddenly I perceived the great viaduct of Point du Jour which blocked the river. It was the end of Paris, the beginning of the country, and behind the double row of arches the Seine, suddenly spreading out as though it had regained space and liberty, became all at once the peaceful river which flows through the plains, alongside the wooded hills, amid the meadows, along the edge of the forests.

To understand the extent of deforestation in the Chorotega region of Costa Rica, Juan Pablo Arroyo-Mora and colleagues used historical aerial photography and remote sensing data to track changes in the annual mean size of forest patches across different land use capability classes (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land). Due to the Chorotega region’s climate, various types of forested areas were converted to cattle pasture as rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. By 1986, mean forest patch sizes had dropped considerably. In that year, they were between ______

Lin-Tai Ho and colleagues monitored fish populations in a tide pool in Taiwan. They found that some species were entirely absent from the tide pool at particular times of the year; for example, they did not observe even one ______

Paleontologist Amane Tajika and colleagues analyzed the shells of two marine mollusks called nautilids that were collected from waters near New Caledonia. Sample F13 and other shell sections formed during adulthood suggest that mature New Caledonian nautilids live at the same depths as mature Fijian nautilids. However, sample M06, which formed while the nautilid was still in its egg, had a chemical signature suggesting the egg had been laid in water 120 meters deep, while Fijian nautilids typically lay eggs at depths of at least 170 meters. Because water temperature decreases as depth increases, a biology student hypothesized that the New Caledonian nautilids lay their eggs in warmer water than Fijian nautilids do.

Many studies have found a positive association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water in North America. But Petri Porvari and Matti Verta did not find this correlation in a study conducted in Finland, leading some scientists to hypothesize that the pattern is particular to North America. However, Yao Luo and colleagues reported dissolved organic carbon and mercury rising or falling together in a study conducted in China, and several other studies from outside North America have yielded similar results, suggesting that ______

Rudolf Cesaretti et al. conducted an analysis of historical urban scaling trends circa 1300 CE in Western Europe, focusing on agglomeration patterns within medieval settlements. They examined settlements in urban systems across Western Europe, with groupings based on regionally distinct political structures, economic focuses, and spatial constraints—including the aristocratically controlled city-state of Parma in northern Italy, merchant controlled city-states like Goerlitz in Germany, the wool-trading centers of Lincoln and Canterbury in England, and prime trade-fair towns like Troyes in France. A prevalent trend emerged: as a city's total settled area increased, so did population density in its core urban areas. This finding implies that ______

After much debate, ______ finally made a decision: the judges for the 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature would award André Paul Guillaume Gide of France with that year’s prize “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.”

In June of 1966, the song “I Need Love” was a top-ten hit. Having climbed the charts for six weeks, ______ ranked No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 list of most popular songs.

In 1847, the novel Agnes Grey was published under the pen name Acton Bell. Now, we know that ______

While the greater adjutant (Leptoptilos dubius) can be found in places like the Inner Gulf of Thailand and Manchar Lake in ______ than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of conservation efforts to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

Canada and Germany have two of the longest constitutions in the world. At 19,565 and 27,379 words, respectively, these ______ according to research by constitutional scholars George Tsebelis and Dominic J. Nardi, correlate with GDPs (gross domestic products) that are lower than those of countries with shorter constitutions.

A pet cat poses next to its owners in Kiesler and Wife, an oil painting by American ______ Will Barnet.

Every US state has an associated state soil, which is typically selected by a group of experts, then passed through the state legislature to receive its official designation. For example, Arkansas’s Stuttgart soil was formally designated in 1997, and Maine’s Chesuncook soil in 1999. ______ years pass between a soil’s selection and official designation, as the legislative process can be notoriously slow.

A 1990 study of schooling fish observed the fish mimicking the behavior of school-mates rapidly swimming away from a predator. This is an example of an information cascade that benefits the collective. ______ the animal world is at times susceptible to the spread of misinformation, often with unfavorable results: a 2010 study of semipalmated sandpipers concluded that fleeing in response to flock-mates’ false alarms caused the birds to abandon safe nesting grounds unnecessarily.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Bread is a 1968 black-and-white linocut print by Black American artist Elizabeth Catlett.
• It features a young girl eating a slice of bread.
• Relief printing is a technique in which an image is first carved onto a printing block made of wood, rubber, or other materials.
• The block is then painted and stamped onto a print surface.
• Lino cutting is a type of relief printing that uses linoleum tile as the printing block.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Usually, a country’s capital is also its largest city by population.
• The capital of the Philippines is Manila.
• Its largest city by population is Quezon City.
• The capital of Liechtenstein is Vaduz.
• Its largest city by population is Schaan.

• Historian Isabel Wilkerson’s book The Warmth of Other Suns is about the Great Migration.
• The Great Migration was a period in twentieth-century US history when over six million African Americans moved from the rural South to cities such as Detroit, Michigan.
• To document this period, Wilkerson narrates the personal journeys of George Swanson Starling and Robert Pershing Foster, among others.
• The book won the Mark Lynton History Prize in 2011.
• It also won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 2011

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• India Arie is an African American singer and songwriter.
• The media outlet BBC Music has described her music as a “blend of hip hop, soul and folk [that is] as subtle as it [is] inspired.”
• Her acclaimed albums feature many talented musicians.
• Judeth Insel played viola on her first studio album, Acoustic Soul (2001).
• David Davidson played violin on her second studio album, Voyage to India (2002).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.
• She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
• She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
• Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Alf's Button (1930).
• Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Marjorie Ismay in Forever and a Day (1943).

Despite stated claims of global relevance, much major research on income inequality performed in the 2010s suffered from a myopic focus on a few countries in North America and Western Europe, partly due to limited data availability. Researchers would later ______ this shortcoming after gaining new access to administrative records located in nations in South America, such as Brazil, and Eastern Europe, such as Russia.

Though the thermoregulation mechanisms of fungi, such as Amanita brunnescens, have received little formal study, anecdotal evidence has suggested that fungal surface temperatures tend to be cooler than ambient temperatures. Experimental findings by Radamés Cordero et al. now ______ this idea: colonies of various fungi maintained temperatures below those at which they were incubated in a lab.

Andrei Tarkovsky's Solaris has the measured pace typical of slow-cinema films. Thai slow-cinema director Apichatpong Weerasethakul (Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives) even states that his own work induces sleep in audiences. This might suggest his films are boring, but boredom does not always cause sleep: boredom creates an anxious tension in the absence of a place to fix attention, and thus induces not somnolence but ______.

Difficulties of documenting nocturnal pollinator visits and a general focus on diurnal invertebrate pollinators, such as Volucella bombylans, have resulted in ______ of information on nocturnal moth pollination of plants such as Rubus fruticosus L. aggregate, but Max Anderson et al. have addressed this by utilizing infrared technology.

Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to offspring; horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene transfer is common among prokaryotes—single-celled organisms such as the bacteria Carnobacterium viridans and Massilia timonae—it has rarely been observed among eukaryotes (typically multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought.

The Hundred Days, first published in 1998, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of The Hundred Days and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time.

With its combination of country and pop influences, “Here You Come Again” is typical of Dolly Parton’s recordings in the late 1970s and first half of the 1980s. Through songs bridging these two genres, she achieved her greatest commercial successes. A decade earlier, however, Dolly had first established herself as a songwriter steeped in the traditional folk music of the Blue Ridge Mountains, where she was born and raised. The influence of the ballads of this region can be heard in the word choice and subject matter of the lyrics to “Jolene,” one of her best songs from this period.

Text 1
Studies contributing to the body of evidence that people generally enjoy socializing have routinely focused on interactions in ongoing relationships (from spouses to classmates), but psychologist Selin Salman-Engin and colleagues have demonstrated the benefit of making connections with strangers. Greater positive effect was reported by participants in their study who warmly thanked a shuttle driver than by those who didn't speak to the driver.
Text 2
Social relations research commonly draws on a model that centers an individual within three concentric circles. The innermost circle holds one’s strongest ties (e.g., a treasured friend), the next holds close but less important ties (e.g., a teammate), and the outermost holds weak ties (those more distant but important enough to be counted as part of one’s social network).

Text 1
From the extinct greater Haitian ground sloth to the living Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth, sloths are among the most appealing animals native to the Americas. But scientists still have a lot to learn about them. Unlike their ancient ground-dwelling relations, today’s sloths spend most of their time high up in trees. The sloths’ inaccessibility has made it hard for scientists to study them.
Text 2
By using a hat-like monitor, biologist Bryson Voirin and colleagues can at last discover the previously hidden activities of sloths. Such monitors can provide information to correct misconceptions. It was long believed that sloths sleep all day. But, in fact, in the wild sloths sleep about nine hours a day.

Baleen whales eat up to 30 percent of their total body mass in krill (tiny shrimplike creatures) per day. So in one day, a pygmy right whale weighing 3,500 kg could eat 1,050 kg, while a bowhead whale weighing 66,000 kg could ingest a whopping 19,800 kg. Over the last century, baleen whale populations have declined, and contrary to some scientists’ expectations, so have krill populations. Matthew S. Savoca and colleagues resolve this apparent discrepancy by pointing out that baleen whales cycle iron in the ocean, helping support phytoplankton populations, which, in turn, sustain krill populations.

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much) and then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles. The team calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants, with higher correlations indicating that predicted ratings were closer to reported ratings. Assuming participants P1 and P2 gave equal ratings to the impressionist paintings, the graph indicates that the model predicted ______

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, originally written in Russian. In the play, Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have come to stay at their country estate, which Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the professor’s daughter from a previous marriage. Chekhov portrays the relationship between Vanya and Professor Serebrakoff as being much more strained than it once was, as is evident when ______

Some metals contain tungsten carbide nanoparticles (WC-NPs), which can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2018 study, Mikael T. Ekvall and colleagues found that WC-NPs can accumulate in the bodies of water lice (Asellus aquaticus). While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently worrisome, it has been hypothesized that WC-NP bioaccumulation in invertebrates like A. aquaticus could serve a valuable proxy role, obviating the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive sampling of vertebrate species—such as Perez’s frogs (Pelophylax perezi), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing—for nanoparticle bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently require.

Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which included four distinct types: chirps, whistles, vocalizations, and clicks. In addition, Antheraea polyphemus and Antheraea polyphemus oculea released a chemical while or after producing the first sound. These species exclusively produced clicks and chirps, which tend to be shorter in duration than whistles and vocalizations. Bura and colleagues argue that clicks and chirps in species that use chemical defenses are primarily a means of warning (i.e., “educating”) predators rather than frightening or startling them.

The compositional strategy of Untitled, a 1955 work by Cherokee artist Edna Massey, is far more closely aligned with Abstract Expressionism—a mid-twentieth-century school of painting dominated by European American artists—than with traditionally abstract forms of Indigenous art, such as beadwork. Few viewers would infer from the stylistic attributes of Untitled that Massey was Indigenous. In this respect, the work typifies Indigenous painters’ forays into abstraction during the period. In contrast, the contemporary Caddo artist Chad “Nish” Earles assembles abstract compositions out of motifs common in the traditional ceramics and graphic art of his tribe. Thus in Earles’s work, abstraction has the effect of ______

Archaeologists assume that when a major demographic shift interrupts the intergenerational transmission of expertise, this manifests in the archaeological record in the form of simultaneous reductions in the complexity of multiple specialized crafting traditions. Inventories of excavation sites from the Alazani River valley and nearby areas dating from 4000 to 500 BCE show a steep drop occurring around 1500 BCE in the number of objects featuring gold filigree, an advanced technique in which fine threads of gold are arranged in intricate patterns. The inventories also indicate that advanced copper-alloy metallurgy and most other specialized crafting traditions continued to flourish during this period, a finding suggesting that ______

In a list titled “Elegant Things” from Sei Shōnagon’s Pillow Book, the author delights in a violet waistcoat, wisteria blossoms, and a child eating strawberries. Such lists, observed sharply yet simply by Shōnagon, who served as a lady-in-waiting to Empress Teishi in the tenth century, ______ the daily minutiae of Japanese courtly life.

Citing the example of Zeus, a mythological god whose tomb was reportedly located on the island of Crete, the writer Euhemerus (fourth century BCE) theorized that all the deities in the Greek pantheon—including the god of knowledge and the arts, Apollo; the god of wine and the theater, Dionysus; and the god of constellations, ______ may have been historical figures who, through the power of myth, underwent apotheosis.

Categorized as a dactyl, the word “gradient” consists of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables. The word “harpist,” by comparison, consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable, a metrical foot ______ to in English metrical verse as a trochee.

The parks of Chicago, Illinois, seem to be making people happier. In a 2022 study, researchers studying connections between the physical location in which a social media post was ______ analyzed geotagged social media posts from various locations in Chicago. They found that posts from the city’s parks contained more words associated with happiness than other posts did.

With an installed capacity of 35 megawatts, the Platanares geothermal power plant in Honduras offers a dependable source of renewable energy. Power plants like Platanares supply only a small fraction of Honduras’s ______ the scarcity of sites with the necessary combination of high-temperature geothermal reservoirs and fractured rock limiting the widespread development of such systems.

The album Irreversible...2012 by La Arrolladora Banda El Limón De René Camacho received much critical attention and praise for its contribution to the banda genre, a form of regional Mexican music featuring large ensembles of wind instruments and drums that first developed in southern and central Mexico in the mid-nineteenth century. ______ few were surprised when the album won the Best Banda Album award at the 2012 Latin Grammys.

In 1920, the US Geological Survey determined the geographic center of Rhode Island using only a cardboard cutout of the state and a piece of string. ______ this apparently crude technique yielded a relatively close approximation: when the 1920 center was compared to a center determined by a computer program nearly a hundred years later, the two diverged by just a few miles.

In an ekphrastic poem, a poet explores a work of visual art, such as a drawing, sculpture, or painting. Elizabeth Alexander’s 2011 poem “Walking,” for example, meditates on Charles Alston’s 1963 painting Walking; Cornelius Eady’s 2001 poem “Jacob Lawrence: Summer Street Scene,” ______ takes a painting as its subject: Jacob Lawrence’s 1948 work Summer Street Scene in Harlem.

• Cinematographers work with cameras and lighting.
• They help translate film directors’ ideas into visual images.
• Frida (2002) was directed by Julie Taymor.
• Rodrigo Prieto was the film’s cinematographer.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Arabic word “dinar” comes from the Latin word “denarius.”
• Today, nearly a dozen different national currencies are referred to as “dinars.”
• Bahrain’s currency is known as the Bahraini dinar.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The ratio of the total mass of an element to the combined mass of all elements in a given environment is called the mass fraction.
• The mass fraction of chromium (Cr) on Earth is 4,700 parts per million (ppm).
• This indicates that the relative abundance of chromium on Earth is 0.47%.
• The ratio of the total number of atoms of an element to the total number of all atoms in a given environment is called the mole fraction.
• The mole fraction of chromium on Earth is 2,300,000 parts per billion (ppb).
• This indicates that the relative abundance of chromium on Earth is 0.23%.