The National Heritage Fellowship was created to honor exceptional folk and traditional artists in the United States.In 2008,the fellowship was given to the quilter Bettye Kimbrell. Kimbrell was ______ to receive it because of her lifetime contributions to the arts.

The following text is adapted from wWilla Cather's 1912 novel Alexander 's Bridge.
For the next few days Alexander was very busy.He took a desk in the of ice ofa [Scottish] engineering firm on Henrietta Street, and was at work almost constantly. He avoided the clubs and usually dined alone at his hotel.

According to a team of neuroeconomists from the University of Zurich, ease of decision making may be linked to communication between two brain regions. the prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex. Individuals tend to be more decisive if the information flow between the regions is intensified, whereas they make choices more slowly when information flow is______.

Ecologist Exequiel Ezcurra and colleagues found that the inhabitants of the Mexica empire used natural landmarks to track time with a high degree of ______. By observing the sun's position in relation to various points on the mountains surrounding the Basin of Mexico, the Mexica were able to precisely identify the dates when significant events such as solstices occurred.

Steepletop in Austerlitz, New York, is the house where Edna St. Vincent Millay lived for twenty-five years and wrote many of her poems. Now the house is a museum dedicated to Millay's life and writings.Visitors travel to this museum to feel more connected to an author they admire.To encourage that sense of connection, the museum's curators recommend nearby hiking trails and outdoor activities. Such activities help visitors appreciate the natural scenery that inspired Millay.

Sheep and falcons can see in three dimensions (3D), which helps them perceive distance and depth.Octopuses and squid are thought to lack 3D vision. Many researchers once thought the same about cuttlefish, but Trevor Wardill and his team wanted to test whether this assumption was true. The team studied how cuttlefish wearing 3D glasses reacted to 3D images of shrimp (a favorite prey) projected on a tank wall. Cuttlefish changed their striking position to match the 3D images, suggesting that their vision is more like that of sheep and falcons than that of octopuses or squid.

Mexico City has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Mexico City associated with walkability— e.g., its high block density—may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals' decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the role of sidewalk width, others the role of neighborhood attractiveness, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals' choices.

The following text is Emily Dickinson circa 1873 poem “There is no Frigate like a Book”.
There is no Frigate like a Book
To take us Lands away
Nor any Coursers like a Page
Of prancing Poetry—
This Traverse may the poorest take
Without oppress of Toll ——
How frugal is the Chariot
That bears the Human soul.

Tanya Tagagsa is a writer and musician and a member of the Inuit community of Cambridge Bay in northern Canada. Critics and fellow writers have praised her work for combining traditional Inuit stories with popular genres of literature, such as fantasy fiction. But Tagag is not the only indigenous writer to blend traditional stories with popular literature. In the 2016 novel Wrist, Nathan Adier successfully blended the oral storytelling tradition of their people, the Anishinnabe, with horror fiction.

Uncle Vanya: Scenes From Country Life in Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, originally written in Russian. In the play, professor Serabrakoff and his wife Helena have come to stay at their country estate, which Vanya manages with the help of Sonta, the professor's daughter from a previous marriage. Chekhov portrays the professor as being unable to adjust to living at the country estate, as is evident when ______

Fish whose DNA has been modified to include genetic material from other species are known as transgenic. Some transgenic fish have genes from jellyfish that result in fluorescence (that is, they glow in the dark.) Although these fish were initially engineered for research purposes in the 1990s, they were sold as pets in the 2000s and can now be found in the wild in creeks in Brazil. A student in a biology seminar who is writing a paper on these fish asserts that their escape from Brazilian fish farms into the wild may have significant negative long-term ecological effects.

The Choctaw Nation, the Citizen Pottawatomi Nation, and the more than thirty other tribes in Oklahoma operate numerous businesses and collectively generate billions of dollars in revenue. In fact, when the tribes' activity is regarded as a single industry, its contribution to the Oklahoma economy in 2017 ______

One way that young orangutans acquire foraging skills is through a behavior scientists call peering--closely watching older orangutans as they engage in an activity that the young have not yet mastered. Since male orangutans typically leave the area of their birth upon maturity and females do not, Beatrice Ehmann and her colleagues hypothesized that it is more advantageous for immature males than females to devote attention to orangutans who are immigrants to the home region of the immature individual, and this should be reflected in sex-specific differences in peering behavior.

In June of 1986, India liberalized its stock market, meaning that it began allowing foreign individuals and businesses to invest money in Indian companies. This was part of a wave of stock market liberalizations around the world—Malaysia in 1987, Pakistan in 1991, and so on. The standard view among economists at the time was that liberalization would make it easier for companies to raise money from investors. Economist Peter Blair Henry examined the economies of 11 countries that were part of the liberalization wave and found that, on average, companies based in those countries received significant increases in investment in the three years following liberalization, suggesting that ______

Buried collections of Bronze Age metal items (called hoards) have been found all over Britain. For hoards discovered since the 1960s, such as the 1965 discovery of the Walderslade hoard, advancements like inexpensive metal detectors, ground penetrating radar, and aerial surveys have made it much easier for searchers to locate hoards before putting the first shovel in the ground. Hoards found before the 1960s, however, such as the discovery of the Auchnacree hoard around 1921, were not aided by such technologies and thus were much more likely to ______

"He was just the man for such a place, and it was just the place for such a man." This line is from Frederick Douglass's autobiography Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845). It's an example of antimetabole, a writing technique that ______ emphasis by repeating a statement in a reversed order.

Over several years, anthropologist Livia Barbosa surveyed individuals in Brazil about their eating habits, collecting data, for example, on what days of the week respondents were more likely ______ common Brazilian foods, such as galinhada (a rice and chicken stew) and misto quente (a ham and cheese sandwich).

To coders like Black Girls Code founder Kimberly Bryant, the computer programming languages Groovy and S-Lang have a clear difference: the former is an object-oriented language while the latter is not. Because both languages require highly technical knowledge to understand, though, laypeople ______ to distinguish between them.

Included among a particular group of mid-twentieth-century artists known as the Washington Color School, American abstract ______ was known for using stripes and washes and for filling large canvases with fields of single colors of paint.

The Timeline of African American Music, a website that traces the history of genres such as swing and bebop, is the result of decades of research by ethnomusicologist Portia K. Maultsby. She was not alone in her ______ Maureen Mahon and Fernando Orejuela, among other scholars, also contributed to the project.

In a 2022 analysis, researchers applied a statistical model to a set of words to infer the rate of cognate replacement—the rate at which a word will be replaced over time with a noncognate form—in Indo-European languages. The researchers found that negative adjectives like “homeless” evolve most rapidly; ______ negative nouns evolve most slowly.

In the 1880s, inventor Lewis Latimer improved upon Thomas Edison's design for the electric light bulb. ______ Latimer made the light bulb more durable by placing cardboard around its carbon filament. With this innovation, Latimer became the first Black inventor to contribute to the electrification of the world.

Soil polluted with chromium (a heavy metal) is harmful to many plants and animals, but the plant species Ludwigia prostrata, or creeping water primrose, can thrive in such conditions. ______ as a metal hyperaccumulator, Ludwigia prostrata absorbs a large amount of chromium and sequesters it in its roots and shoots, thereby reducing concentrations of this harmful substance in the soil.

• The Music by Black Composers (MBC) project aims to inspire aspiring music students by archiving and sharing information about the music of Black classical composers.
• Logie wright is a Black classical music composer included in MBC's Historic Composers Directory.
• He was born in 1927 and died in 2001.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Traditionally, manufacturers have dyed denim jeans blue by dipping them in a solution containing indigo powder.
•Indigo doesn't dissolve in just water, so manufacturers must mix hazardous chemicals with water to dissolve the powder
•Textile researcher Smriti Rai discovered a process for dyeing blue jeans without chemicals.
•Rai added indigo powder to a hydrogel containing nanocellulose and produced a dye that could be spread directly onto the denim.
•Nanocellulose is a natural, plant-based substance that separates the molecules of indigo powder.

while researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Earthquakes start at a point called a "focus" and spread out from there as seismic waves.
•The two types of seismic waves that travel beneath Earth's surface are primary waves (P waves) and secondary waves (S waves).
•P waves travel more quickly beneath Earth's surface than do s waves.
•P waves compress and expand the ground, causing it to move backward and forward.
•S waves cause the ground to move from side to side.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•A currency is a money system.
•Sometimes, countries adopt a new currency to replace an older one.
•Mozambique adopted the escudo as its official currency in 1914.
•The metical replaced the escudo in 1980.
•The metical remains Mozambique's official currency.

The organizers specifically indicated that the conference was intended to focus on children's literature, so despite the education specialist's ______ her expertise on the subject in general, she found that she could speak authoritatively about the works of illustrator Ashley Bryan, particularly Beat the Story Drum, Pum-Pum, which she had used effectively in classroom instruction for many years.

In 1891, design artist William Morris cofounded the Kelmscott Press, which printed editions of books using preindustrial methods. Historians argue that Morris's repudiation of industrialization is ______ the Kelmscott editions' use of handmade materials and intricate ornamentation reminiscent of medieval manuscripts: these meticulously handcrafted elements exemplify the artistry involved.

It is tempting to treat the clustering of information technology firms in Northern California as representative of industrial agglomeration generally, but Guilia Faggio et al. caution against ______ this one example: the potential for knowledge spillovers, a dominant driver of collocation in this industry, was largely absent from the paint manufacturing industry.

A number of recording artists ______distinctions between Indigenous music and other musical styles. For example, Choctaw singer-songwriter Samantha Crain incorporated elements of Choctaw hymns into folk-pop on her single "When We Bemain," and Swinomish lnuplaq musician Black Beit Eagle Scout combined powwow-style melodies with rock on her album At the Party with My Brown Friends.

Mahmoud Reza Hemami and colleagues showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the Iranian jerboa (Allactaga firouzi); a result explicable in terms of benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may not enable the jerboas to increase foraging success enough to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory jackals or owls. Most other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to Tranman jerboas. but Azra's night monkeys (Aotus azarae) display the opposite pattern. as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a different balance of reward and risk.

Text 1
In 2015 Belem, Brazil, was named a City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in recognition of the city's unique food culture. The honor is well known among both residents of the city and tourists who visit. Simply by selecting Belem, UINESCO has helped bring awareness to local recipes, cooking practices, and chefs and has provided a significant boost to the city's tourism industry.
Text 2
Many people in Belem's restaurant industry hoped that food tourism would increase after the city was chosen as a City of Gastronomy in 2015. However, as researcher Eerang Park and colleagues argue, cities must still create elective marketing strategies to benefit fully from being named a City of Gastronomy. Without the intentional effort that was made in promote the city's food scene, many current and potential visitors to Belem would not even be aware that it's home to antiquely delicious food.

Like all species of baleen whales, the common minke whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristle like keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the common minke whale small—it can have a mass as high as 4,000 kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the fin whale, which can weigh a whapping 80,000 kg and consume as much as 24,000 kg of krill per day.

A number of artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, aggressively manipulate their recorded voice. The musician Arca, for example, sometimes shifts the pitch of her vocals to be much higher than that of her natural range. And even the hyperpop artists who don't rely on pitch-shifting, such as Namasenda, often distort their vocals using digital tools. By persistently modifying the voice, hyperpop invites the listener to reflect on the extent to which digital technology mediates the human experience today.

A student is writing an essay about four pyramids for a history class and wants to note how long ago each pyramid was built and how tall each pyramid is.
Consulting the table, the student finds that the Tikal Temple IV was built 1,300 years ago and is ______

Eduardo Martinez and colleagues found that tilling—the practice of turning soil with hoes, plows, or other machines before planting crops—was associated with an increased yield of winter wheat. But some studies of other crops have found the opposite effect, raising the question of whether the increase in yield found by Martinez and colleagues is specific to their study crop. However, this doesn’t seem to be the case: ______

The phrase omo-ropmo bilak is a past-oriented expression used by members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, that translates to "a couple of years ago." Rafael Nunez and colleagues recorded Yupno speakers explaining several of these temporal-related words and phrases and coded each speaker's manual gestures. Previous research has found evidence of Spanish speakers referring to the front/back axis to describe events in time, and many researchers believe that this tendency to make temporal distinctions along imagined linear axes is universal. However, Nunez and colleagues claim that this tendency is not in fact ubiquitous.

Many studies have found a positive association between levels of dissolved organic carbon and mercury in bodies of fresh water in North America. But Stephane Guerdron, Delphine Tisserand, and colleagues did not find this correlation in a study conducted in Laos, leading some scientists to hypothesize that the association is particular to North America. However, several other studies conducted outside North America, such as one by Ida Tjerngren and colleagues in Sweden, showed similar results in the North American studies, while few have produced results similar to those of Guedron, Tisserand, and colleagues' study, suggesting that ______

Some ethicists hold that the moral goodness of an individual's actions depends solely on whether the actions themselves are good, irrespective of the context in which they are carried out. Philosopher L. Sebastian Purcell has shown that surviving works of Aztec (Nahua) philosophy express a very different view. Purcell reveals that these works posit an ethical system in which an individua's actions are judged in light of how well they accord with the individual's role in society and how well they contribute to the community. To the extent that these works are representative of Aztec thought, Purcell's analysis suggests that ______

The Austronesian language family includes Banjarese, Hiligaynon, and some 1,200 other languages throughout the Pacific, making it one of the largest language families in the world and of keen interest to ______ of Leiden University.

The writer Jayne Cortez, along with others such as Haki Madhubuti and Maya Angelou, ______ commonly associated with the Black Arts movement, a loose-knit group of writers and artists active in the 1960s and the 1970s who were interested in exploring the Black American experience through their work.

The heseb, which is written as a hieroglyph that looks like an X, and the heqat, which is written as a hieroglyph that looks like four oval items pouring out of a trammel, were ancient Egyptian units of ______ to record area and vulture, respectively, the heseb and heqat have since fallen out of use.

Proto-Uralic—a protolanguage, or ancestral language of a family of descendant (daughter) languages—is said to be the common ancestor of all Uralic languages. This designation is ______ Proto-Uralic is only postulated, its characteristics being inferred from the linguistic properties of its thirty-seven daughters.

When ______ debuted in April 1983 as part of the exhibit Children's Art: Identity: New work from Youth Education Program, the artworks brought vibrant visual texture to the bustling terminals of San Francisco International Airport.

Photographer Mária Svarbová has reached audiences well beyond her home country of Slovakia. In 2018, her work was featured at the Daelim Museum in ______ the exhibited photographs, with their vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, captivated audiences.

Though he's performed on many respected albums, including Blue Matter by John Scofield, drummer Dennis Chambers may be best known for his time as house drummer for the hip-hop label Sugar Hill Records. He did not play drums on the label's classic song “Rapper's ______ he joined the label after the song's release.

With many elements, like xenon, scientists were able to isolate a relatively pure sample of the substance shortly after discovering its existence—but this wasn't the case with all elements. ______ the isolation process took years. The element uranium, for instance, was discovered in 1789 but not isolated until 1841.

In hindsight, given the ideas about the natural world circulating among British scientists in the 1800s, the theory of natural selection was an obvious next step. It may not have been a coincidence, ______ that Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace arrived at the concept independently. Indeed, contrary to the popular myth of the lone genius, theirs is not the first paradigm-shifting theory to have emerged from multiple scholars working in parallel.

A band might choose a name that is as unique and original as possible. ______ they might name themselves after a recognizable song by a favorite band. This is what the Swedish pop rock band Roxette did when they named themselves after the song “Roxette" by Dr. Feelgood.

With over five decades of hit singles, including "Lately" from the album Hotter than July, Stevie Wonder looms over the history of pop music with near peerless talent and longevity. ______ in 1989, his legacy earned him one of the music industry's top honors: a spot in the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Elizabeth Catlett's sculpture Recognition (1970) shows two African American figures with rounded, indistinct features.
•The figures reach out to each other in a pose that symbolizes a close, supportive relationship.
•Her sculpture Students Aspire (1978) shows two African American figures with sharply defined features.
•The figures hold an equal sign above their heads with one hand and embrace each other with the other hand.
•This pose symbolizes their support for each other in the pursuit of equality.

while researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•Tepeapulco is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
•Municipalities are governmental regions responsible for providing many public services to their residents.
•One service they provide is water treatment.
•Tepeapulco's population was 56,245 in 2020.
•Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
•The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
•Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
•Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
•The mineral fluorite has a Mohs scale number of 4.
•The mineral orthoclase has a Mohs scale number of 6.
•The mineral corundum has a Mohs scale number of 9.