Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person, such as Theodore William Richards in 1914. But scientific breakthroughs are rarely the work of lone geniuses. Instead, success in fields like chemistry has often been achieved through ______ other experts, as was the case for Alan J. Heeger, who was among those awarded for "their discovery and development of conductive polymers."

Some pieces of music might have many ______ —the compositions of Emilia Gubitosi can potentially be explained in as many ways as there are people to listen to them—and so as long as a listener's reasoning isn't absurd or the result of inattention, it is difficult to justify the claim that the listener has misunderstood the piece.

Some robots such as Saika (developed in 1996) and Poppy (developed in 2013) are designed to resemble humans so that people will find it easier to interact with them. To this end, certain features such as bipedal locomotion can help to create the comforting semblance of humanity, but a robot that appears too similar to humans can make people feel more ______ than reassured.

Drivers who strongly believe that the toll they must pay to use the Throgs Neck Bridge, which spans the East River in New York State, is currently too high are likely to be ______ arguments for increasing the toll. Advocates for a higher toll are likely to have more success if they instead direct their arguments toward a more persuadable segment of the population.

The following text is from George Eliot's 1857 short story The Sad Fortunes of the Rev. Amos Barton." In the text, the narrator addresses the reader directly and alludes to a discussion among Rev. Amos Barton's neighbors.
It was happy for the Rev. Amos Barton that he did not, like us, overhear the conversation recorded in the last chapter. Indeed, what mortal is there of us, who would find his satisfaction enhanced by an opportunity of comparing the picture he presents to himself of this own doings, with the picture they make on the mental retina of his neighbours? We are poor plants buoyed up by the air-vessels of our own conceit: alas for us, if we get a few pinches that empty us of that windy self-subsistence! The very capacity for good would go out of us.

President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political scandal, a convoluted tale of criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of associates such as Chief of Staff H.R. "Bob" Haldeman and former CIA officer James W. McCord. But Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in opening relations between the United States and China, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States health care policy that is arguably a precursor to the Affordable Care Act, which became law during the Barack Obama administration.

"Culture" has considerable currency among sociologists but has no fixed definition: it might include art, or laws, or one of several other concepts. Indeed, Susan Silbey has observed that "the meaning of the word 'culture'...is unstable." This uncertainty impedes formulating empirically testable claims about reality, which should be an aim of sociological research—a standard definition of culture is a worthy goal even if impossible to achieve, for the closer we come to one,the closer we come to reducing conceptual incoherence in the field.

The following text is adapted from Matthew Arnold's 1869 nonfiction book Culture and Anarchy.
The men of culture are the true apostles of equality. The great men of culture are those who have had a passion for diffusing, for making prevail, for carrying from one end of society to the other, the best knowledge, the best ideas of their time; who have labored to divest knowledge of all that was harsh, uncouth, difficult, abstract, professional, exclusive; to humanise it, to make it efficient outside the clique of the cultivated and learned, yet still remaining the best knowledge and thought of the time, and a true source, therefore, of sweetness and light.

Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged in the 2010s, conform to the model perfected by American musician Laura Les: bold synthesizer arrangements, propulsive beats, and electronically manipulated vocals. Yet the movement is hardly uniform: Swedish recording artist Namasenda incorporates hip-hop rhythms into the hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is encouraged in part by the music-streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety.

A student who is researching volcanoes in Ecuador notes that the country is home to different types of volcanoes. For example, ______

A creole language is an amalgam of a lexifier, or primary contributor of grammar and vocabulary, with one or more substrates, or secondary contributors. English-lexifying creoles in the Caribbean, such as Vincentian Creole, rely on West African substrates, while Hawaiian Pidgin relies on 'Olelo Hawai'i, the Polynesian language of the Native Hawaiian people, with further contributions from Okinawan and other East Asian languages, Portuguese, and Spanish. This is a heterogeneous history, even for a creole language. Moreover, numerous similarities are found among the East Asian substrates, as well as between Portuguese and Spanish. Thus, it can be challenging to credit certain words or features of grammar or pronunciation to any one substrate.

Some scientists have suggested that as ocean temperatures rise, many fish and corals found in the shallow zone (less than 30 meters below the surface) could take refuge in the cooler, darker mesophotic zone (30 to 150 meters below the surface). However, it isn't clear that all such species will be able to tolerate mesophotic conditions. In 2018, Hudson Pinheiro and colleagues studied stony corals in the two zones in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific waters. Based on the depths at which those corals are now found, the species that seems least suited to a full migration to the mesophotic zone is______

New Zealand has classified the rainbow lorikeet as an invasive species that could outcompete some of the country's native species. Many other countries draw similar distinctions between invasive and native species. But researchers Alejandro Camacho and Jason McLachlan have pointed out that Earth's climate is changing in ways that challenge such classifications. Climate changes may cause animals to leave their current ranges and establish new ones. Climate changes may also create good habitats in areas where a species couldn't live previously. These observations suggest that ______

In a recent study, Antonia Olivia Dolan and colleagues investigated the relationship between people's music preferences and their preferred listening volume. Participants listened to recordings—Beyoncé's "Crazy in Love," Led Zeppelin's "Whole Lotta Love," and others—at their preferred volume and indicated their most and least favorite among the recordings. The researchers found that participants listened to recordings they liked most at a higher volume than recordings they liked least. And given that the frequencies in all the recordings were within the audible range of these participants (all of whom had clinically typical hearing), it is therefore likely that for a given participant, the ______

Studies have shown that when we listen to high-tempo music (songs with a high number of beats per minute, or bpm) during endurance exercise, we perceive our effort as lower than it actually is, which leads to an increased pace and a higher heart rate. Researchers recently designed a follow-up study in which participants rode a bicycle for 30 minutes while listening to Ella Fitzgerald's "From This Moment On" (93 bpm) continuously. The next day, participants performed the same activity while listening to Little Richard's "Long Tall Sally" (189 bpm). As expected, listening to that song resulted in participants ______

From its lowest point at the Beaver Dam Wash to its highest point on Kings Peak, Utah ______ an elevation gain of 11,354 feet.

Water boils at around 212°F at sea level, but in Alamosa, Colorado (elevation: 7,543 feet above sea level, it boils at around 198°F. Food writer J. Kenji López-Alt, who explores the science behind cooking, ______ that lower boiling points at higher elevations "can wreak all sorts of havoc on recipes."

After screening Okpik: Little Village in the Arctic by Inuit filmmaker Tiffany Ayalik, the members of the selection committee for the Native Women in Film Festival were so impressed by the short documentary that they chose ______as one of the films to be shown at the festival.

While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Chao Phraya River in Thailand and the Teknaf Game Reserve in Bangladesh, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of conservation efforts that—through community involvement and scientific ______aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

Included in Outliers and American Vanguard Art, a 2018 group exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in California, was the work of artist Lorna Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artworks that juxtapose images of African American women with text fragments. Her work challenges conventional notions of race, gender, history, and ______ she is credited with expanding the horizons of conceptual photographic art.

Despite its great distance from Earth—it is 570 light-years away—the star Shaula is one of the brightest stars in the sky, ranking 23rd. Although not as bright as Shaula, the star Alhena also ranks among the 50 brightest stars (43rd, to be exact) ______ Alhena's brightness is likely due to the star's relative proximity: Alhena is only 100 light-years from Earth.

In a hypothetical family tree, it is common for a parent in the first generation to exhibit a given trait, such as freckles, and for none of that parent's children (second generation) to inherit it. ______ the grandchildren (third generation) could inherit freckles or another such trait from the grandparent.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• When the electrons of a chemical element change energy states, certain wavelengths of light are released.
• This collection of wavelengths is known as the emission spectrum of the element.
• The element zirconium's emission spectrum includes the 612.7 nanometer (nm) wavelength.
• The element selenium's emission spectrum includes the 605.6 nm wavelength.
• Wavelengths of 590-620 nm make up the orange portion of the visible spectrum.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition.
• It is administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• One Carnegie Prize gold medal winner is Pablo Picasso of Spain.
• Picasso's painting Portrait of Me, Picasso was honored in 1930.

• Cinematographers work with cameras and lighting.
• They help translate film directors' ideas into visual images.
• Beckett (2021) was directed by Ferdinando Cito Filomarino.
• Sayombhu Mukdeeprom was the film's cinematographer.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Body positions are an important part of dance.
• In ballet, there is a position called third position.
• It is one of several positions for the dancer's feet.

• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American figures in water.
• The painting Lost in the Shuffle (36 × 24 in) depicts two young men with their arms outstretched floating in the bottom left and upper right corners of the canvas.
• Guardian (96 × 48 in) depicts a woman in a white dress floating in the center of the canvas.
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including sapphire blue and ultramarine.
• The mood in the paintings is serene.

Web developers often encourage users to create passwords that are fairly complicated and therefore difficult to guess. Nonetheless, research has shown that the more______approach to password selection seems to favor convenience over security: for example, the seventh most commonly used password in 2012 was the easily remembered “letmein.”

The fossil remains of the individual known as TM 266, discovered in Chad in 2001, can help paleoanthropologists not only ______ steps in the evolution of hominids but also illuminate the Miocene epoch generally, revealing important details about the time in which TM 266 lived.

The Indian antelope can run very fast-up to 80 kilometers per hour (km/hr)—but it is significantly slower than the Eurasian hobby, which can fly at speeds up to 160 km/hr. The difference between these speeds is largely ______ of the fact that the features that make flight possible do less to limit top speeds than the features suitable for running on land.

Some social scientists say that while a suspicion of concentrated power is key to democracy, public understanding of economics is also central to public comprehension of state politics, and if a citizenry is to function, economic issues cannot remain the province only of specialists. In short, knowledge of economics is not ______ and must not be left to economists alone.

Cartagena has high pedestrian traffic, but simply replicating a feature of Cartagena associated with walkability —e.g., its aesthetically appealing streetscape —may be insufficient to induce increased walking in other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo argues, our understanding of individuals' decision-making about whether to walk is insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the role of local norms, others the role of population density, and so on, but walking decisions are made in complex contexts in which multiple conditions and needs inform individuals'choice.

Text 1
In parts of British Columbia, Canada, the Cooper's hawk is a major predator of the song sparrow. Researcher Liana Zanette and colleagues found that when this predation pressure on song sparrows was temporarily reduced, their numbers significantly increased. This finding illustrates a foundational ecological principle: predators control prey population numbers.

Text 2
Sterling D. Miller and Warren B. Ballard found that excluding brown bears from a site in the state of Alaska where they typically prey on moose had no significant effect on moose abundance. Many other predation relief studies show an increase in prey abundance, but those studies often focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey, like rabbits, sparrows, and rodents, rather than large, slowly reproducing prey, like moose, which could account for the difference between those results and Miller and Ballard's results.

Text 1
In a seminal 1979 study, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky presented students and college faculty from Israel, Sweden, and the United States with hypothetical questions involving financial decisions. Finding that participants' responses indicated that losses have a greater psychological impact than equivalent gains do, the researchers formulated the concept of loss aversion, which has since informed research in fields ranging from finance to law.

Text 2
Fieke Harinck et al. conducted an experiment in which Dutch study participants were exposed to financial choices that involved potential losses of either relatively minor sums of money, such as 2 euros (low-stakes contexts), or more substantial sums, such as 50 euros (high-stakes contexts). The researchers concluded that only the latter contexts were associated with loss aversion.

The following text is from Virginia Woolf's 1919 novel Night and Day. The narrator describes a gathering of artists and intellectuals.
One person after another rose, and, as with an ill-balanced axe, attempted to hew out his conception of art a little more clearly, and sat down with the feeling that, for some reason which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone awry. As they sat down they turned almost invariably to the person sitting next them, and rectified and continued what they had just said in public.

Shanlin Liu and colleagues relied on historical DNA (hDNA) —genomic data incidentally preserved in specimens housed in natural history collections—to investigate the evolutionary history of the rhinoceros family (Rhinocerotidae). Although this approach offers unique benefits, such as the ability to ascertain the biogeographical origins of organisms, it remains relatively underutilized because archival specimens are sometimes stored in ways that compromise DNA quality, a situation not easily remediable under current methodological paradigms and with extant DNA extraction and analysis technologies.

The following text is from Henrik Ibsen's 1899 play When We Dead Awaken (translated by William Archer in 1907).
PROFESSOR RUBEK: (With a searching glance.) You don't seem particularly glad to be at home again, Maia?
MAIA: (Looks at him.) Are you glad?
PROFESSOR RUBEK: (Evasively.) I-?
MAIA: Yes, you, who have been so much, much further away than I. Are you entirely happy, now that you are at home again?
PROFESSOR RUBEK: No—to be quite candid—perhaps not entirely happy—
MAIA: (With animation.) There, you see! Didn't I know it!

The utilization of deceptive antipredator displays is well documented in the double-banded plover (Charadrius bicinctus) and other species of the avian order Charadriiformes. An extensive literature review conducted by Léna de Framond et al. revealed that this trait has evolved across a surprisingly large phylogenetic distribution of 13 Aves orders, including Columbiformes and Gruiformes. Subsequent investigation of potential selection mechanisms prompted the researchers to conclude that independent of avian order, the prevalence of the trait is mediated by environmental variations associated with the absolute latitude of brooding sites.

Apple's introduction of the AirPods earbuds in 2016 is an instance of brand extension—the company leveraged its brand recognition as a computer manufacturer to enter a product category where it had not previously competed. To determine if perceived category similarity predicts consumers' likelihood of purchasing brand extensions, Alicia Grasby et al. identified 30 extended-brand pairs (e.g., the same brand of lipstick and eyeshadow) in 52 weeks of purchases by approximately 60,000 households; for each pair, Grasby et al. had consumers rate the similarity of the product categories and calculated the change in probability of a brand in one category being purchased if the same brand was purchased in the other category.

Neuroscientist Kiyohito ligaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much). They then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles and calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants. Assuming participant P1 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and color-field paintings, the data in the graph suggest that the model predicted that ______

Scholars cite Pedro Páramo, the 1955 novel by Mexican author Juan Rulfo, as a foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which antirealistic plot devices—often borrowed from the folkloric traditions of Indigenous and colonial societies in the Americas—are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of representation typical of the modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including Keri Hulme, whose 1984 novel The Bone People resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with folklore-namely, that of the Maori, the Indigenous people of New Zealand.

As exemplified by Kazakh songs about water and foraging quality and Tlingit songs about wildlife encounters, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in some instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in the past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in the songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting pressure—a finding that demonstrates that ______

Benjamin Kwakye is a novelist from Accra, Ghana, who has earned international acclaim in recent years. Writers of other literary forms, such as poetry and drama, are less likely to be recognized beyond their nations' borders, but many are still well ______ Koumanthio Zeinab Diallo, for example, is a celebrated poet from Guinea.

When India joined Interpol—the International Criminal Police ______ in 1949, the Indian Police Service gained access to the combined resources of law enforcement agencies from around the globe.

The length of bird eggs varies widely across species, and an ecological ______ compared the lengths of eggs produced by different bird species found Anser brachyrhynchus eggs to be longer, on average, than Emberiza pusilla eggs.

Many works of the Roman historian Pliny (1st century CE), including his history of the German wars, Bella Germaniae, have been lost to time. Antiquarians ______ to read one of Pliny's extant works—not one known only through references to it by other authors, that is—might instead procure a copy of his Naturalis historiae, an encyclopedic work of science and history.

The Suzuki method is an approach to music instruction ______ to teach music in the samel natural way children learn language, emphasizes learning from skilled musicians who are also skilled teachers. In Suzuki violin instruction, students begin their musical education with simple classical pieces like François-Joseph Gossec's "Gavotte."

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) tracks comparative price list data for its thirty-eight member countries. According to this data, in July 2021, a "basket" of goods and services priced at 100 US dollars (USD) in the United States would have cost 66 USD in fellow OECD member ______

In 2015, geologist Peter Rogerson calculated that the geographic center of Indiana was a point 10.8 miles northwest of the municipality of Indianapolis. Rogerson's calculation was more accurate than the one from 1920 by the US Geological Survey. ______this earlier calculation was made using far more rudimentary equipment—only cardboard and string.

During the 1928 New York ticker-tape parade for US Olympic champions, the ribbonlike swirls descending on the scene were paper spools from "tickers," telegraph machines used to transmit stock prices. Of course, the original ticker tape had long since been retired by the 2008 parade for the New York Giants. ______shredded standard paper enriched the celebration.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Grimanesa Amoros is a Peruvian American artist well known for her LED light sculptures.
• Her sculpture Uros House is made of smooth multicolored LED domes.
• It occupies 250 cubic feet of space.
• Her sculpture Ocupante is made of entangled blue and white LED tubes.
• It occupies 80,000 cubic feet of space.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Generally, an object will heat up when twisted.
• The twisting of an object is known as torsion.
• A 2019 study led by Zunfeng Liu and Ray Baughman tested the torsional heating of various fibers.
• When a 0.7-millimeter-thick sample of four-ply nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 30.4°C.
• When a 1-millimeter-thick sample of dimethicone fiber was twisted, its average surface temperature increased by 1.8°C.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known as Bombay), India.
She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy Award.
Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such as her role in Alf's Button (1930).
Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Marjorie Ismay in Forever and a Day (1943).

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A river's stream length is the length of a line that follows along the river path.
• A river's valley length is the length of a straight line drawn from the beginning of the river to the end.
• The river's curviness, or sinuosity, is the ratio of the river's stream length to its valley length.
• Low-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1-1.5 times longer than their valley length, and high-sinuosity rivers have a stream length 1.5 or more times longer than their valley length.
• The Consaree in India has high sinuosty.
• The Luni River in India has low sinuosity.