Domesticated thousands of years ago in South America, the sunflower deviates structurally from the wild plant it is descended from. Summer squash, another domesticated crop from the Americas, doesn't closely resemble any wild plant, and genetic research only recently ______its ancestor to be the wild Johnny gourd.

Ronyoung Kim creatively captures the Korean American immigrant experience in her novel Clay Walls by writing about a family from three ______perspectives. The first section of the novel is from the mother Haesu's perspective, the second is from the father Chun's perspective, and the last is from the daughter Faye's perspective.

Ancient Greek and Roman sculpture is sometimes characterized as idealizing human subjects, but in fact there are many Greco-Roman sculptures that depict people in decidedly ______ways.

Cats and barn owls see in three dimensions (3D) by combining two images in their brains, one from each eye. This produces a sense of depth, helping the animals judge how close or far away an object is. Researchers have investigated 3D vision in preying mantises as well. In one study, Vivek Nityananda and his team fitted mantises' faces with two different color filters, one covering each eye, much like the filters in 3D glasses once worn at movies. By observing the mantises' reaction to projected images, the team confirmed that mantises do indeed have 3D vision, but it's unlike that of other animals.

A study by Dr. Paul Hanel and colleagues concluded that people are more likely to behave politely when listening to ideas they disagree with if they think about values before they engage in a discussion. Study participants were assigned to one of two groups. The experimental group spent a few minutes writing about one of their personal values before they had a group discussion on a controversial topic. And the control group spent a few minutes writing about a drink (tea, milk, etc.) before their group discussion on that topic. Hanel and colleagues found that the experimental group's discussion was more civil than the control group's discussion was.

The following text is from Jerome K. Jerome's 1889 novel Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog). The narrator and two friends are taking a boat down the River Thames in England.
ln a boat, I have always noticed that it is the fixed idea of each member of the crew that he is doing everything. Harris's notion was that it was he alone who had been working and that both George and I had been imposing upon him. George, on the other hand, ridiculed the idea of Harris's having done anything more than eat and sleep, and had a cast-iron opinion that it was he—George himself—who had done all the labour worth speaking of.

Text 1
Jacqueline Woodson's 2016 novel Another Brooklyn, a moving study of growing up female and Black in Brooklyn in the 1970s, has been described as historical fiction. While it's inarguable that Woodson's book takes place in the past rather than in her own time, Another Brooklyn is much richer and more complicated than the mere recreation of the past suggested by the term "historical fiction."
Text 2
Some literary critics dismiss historical fiction as a shallow genre in which writers show off their knowledge of period details rather than tell meaningful stories. But historical fiction can be used to explore profound themes and complex characters—in fact, many writers find that writing about the past gives them a creative freedom they’d lack if they wrote about the present.

The following text is adapted from Armando Palacio Valdes's short story The Love of Clotilde, originally published in Spanish in 1884.
It was said that in [Don Jeronimo's] youth he once wrote a play which won him nothing but hisses and free entry for life behind the scenes of the theaters. Whether resigned or not to the verdict of the public, he ceased to write plays and assumed instead the nobler role of patron to unrecognized authors and artists and to ruined managers.
Any youth from the provinces who arrived in Madrid with a drama in his pocket could take no surer road to seeing it produced than that which led to the home of Don Jeronimo. One and all, he received them with open arms, the good and the bad alike.

Like all species of baleen whales, the pygmy right whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the pygmy right whale small—it can have a mass as high as 3,500 kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the bowhead whale, which can weigh a whopping 66,000 kg and consume as much as 19,800 kg of krill per day.

A team of scientists wants to improve the recycling of two of the most common types of lithium-ion batteries used in electronic devices. The team tested two new processes that involve grinding battery materials and aluminum foil together. The highest percentage of lithium recovered in the tests was closest to ______

Lin-Tai Ho and colleagues monitored fish populations in a tide pool in Taiwan. They found that some species were entirely absent from the tide pool at particular times of the year; for example, they did not observe even one ______

The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in New York City in the 1870s. In the novel, Newland Archer attends an opera. Newland compares his intellect favorably to that of other men of New York City society who are in the audience: ______

ln a college course on urban affairs, a student asserts that increased traffic congestion in the United States in the 1990s was present both in very large cities such as New York City, New York, and smaller areas such as Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Beaumont, Texas; though those smaller areas may have been less affected by traffic congestion than very large cities, this congestion also worsened in them over time.

Conventional theories of rhetoric hold that presenting information as coming from credentialed experts increases that information's credibility. When communications researcher Sungkyoung Lee and her colleagues tested messages seeking volunteers for clinical trials, however, they found that participants in their study judged recruitment messages from former trial volunteers as significantly more credible than messages from doctors (i.e., credentialed experts). One reason for this may be that the doctors' status as credentialed experts wasn't ignored but rather was outweighed by participants' views of the experiential relevance of the two types of messengers; that is, participants may have reacted the way they did because ______

Soybean oil reaches its smoke point at around 450 degrees Fahrenheit. At this temperature, the substance cannot absorb any more heat energy. As a result, ______will begin to combust, emitting smoke.

Over several years, anthropologist Livia Barbosa surveyed individuals in Brazil about their eating habits, collecting data, for example, on what days of the week respondents were more likely ______common Brazilian foods, such as tareco (a disk-shaped biscuit) and carne-de-sol (a cured meat dish).

Among the world's largest deserts are the Chihuahuan Desert, ranked ______and the Great Salt Desert, ranked thirty-first.

The constitution of Lithuania, enacted in 1992, enshrines 66 total rights across 12,214 words of text. According to constitutional scholar George Tsebelis, who examines the implications of constitutional length on civil rights, ______68th in a global ranking of the shortest constitutions.

Most sand is beige because of deposits of gray- and tan-hued minerals, such as quartz and feldspar. The sand at Tangsi Beach in Indonesia is a more unusual ______deposits of crushed coral and other organic matter lend the sand a unique pink hue.

On September 16, 2020, American astronomers detected an extremely bright light, which they identified as a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) occurring 37 million light-years from Earth. It began to dim over the next few ______although they are extremely powerful, supernovas are short-lived phenomena.

William Shakespeare likely arrived in London as early as 1585, at the age of 21, to pursue a career in the theater. Little is known of his early years there, but by 1592 he was becoming known for plays such as Titus Andronicus. ______in 1596, he would delight audiences with King John, considered by some to be one of his greatest works.

• A wind farm uses turbines to convert wind into electrical power.
• A wind farm's maximum electrical output is called its nameplate capacity.
• Lagoa dos Ventos Wind Farm is located in Piaui, Brazil.
• Its nameplate capacity is 716 megawatts.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Dinosaur fossil specimens can be found at science museums all over the world.
• Many dinosaur fossil specimens are given nicknames.
• The Black Hills Institute in Hill City, South Dakota, houses a dinosaur fossil specimen nicknamed Stan.
• Stan lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than 65 million years ago.
• It is a member of the genus Tyrannosarus.

• Historian Isabel Wilkerson's book The Warmth of other Suns is about the Great Migration.
• The Great Migration was a period in twentieth-century US history when over six million African Americans moved from the rural South to cities such as Los Angeles, California.
• To document this period, Wilkerson narrates the personal journeys of Ida Mae Gladney and Robert Pershing Foster, among others.
• The book won the Mark Lynton History Prize in 2011.
• It also won the Hurston/Wright Legacy Award in 2011.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including salmon and Parmesan cheese.
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of bladderwrack, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of hidaka-konbu, another type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as high.

• The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
• The ACM gives the award for "major contributions of lasting importance to computing."
• Leslie Valiant won the award in 2010 for transformative contributions to the theory of computation.

• Calida Garcia Rawles is an African American painter.
• She is known for her large-scale, hyperrealistic paintings depicting African American figures in water.
• The painting Lightness of Being (24× 30 in) depicts a young man with his arms outstretched floating on the right side of the canvas.
• Yesterday Called and Said We Were Together (48× 60 in) depicts two unidentifiable figures with their arms outstretched floating in the upper left of the canvas.
• She paints the water with vivid blue colors, including cerulean and cyan.
• The mood in the paintings is serene.

Writer Lydia Davis observed that while traditional literary forms, such as the short story, are recognizable as such even as they evolve, there are more ______forms that might, for example, borrow elements from both fables and realist narratives to make something unconventional. Anne Carson's long piece Nox arguably fits in this category, since it straddles the line between prose and poetry.

The internet is sometimes likened to a public square, but this is a decidedly ______analogy. The face-to-face nature of a public setting enforces behavioral norms that are absent in the anonymous world of the internet.

Although the literary works of Samuel Kamakau and Brandy Nalani McDougall have universal appeal, they are also ______the Hawaiian literary tradition in which both authors work and that stretches back to the traditional stories of the Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people.

To entice study participants, psychology researchers commonly offer a gift card or other compensation. However, this practice may undercut the applicability of the study's results: people who join a study in response to ______may differ in important ways from a representative sample of the population of interest.

The Federalist Papers are a collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They were published pseudonymously in the Independent Journal and other New York newspapers in 1787-88 and argue that New Yorkers should vote to ratify the proposed United States Constitution. Though the authorship of most of the individual essays is certain, that of a few is in question: for instance, while No.6, “Concerning Dangers from Dissensions between the States," was surely penned by Hamilton, No.52, "The House of Representatives," may have been written by either Hamilton or Madison.

Joel Brown and colleagues showed that high moonlight intensity inhibits the activity of the Arizona pocket mouse (Perognathus amplus), a result explicable in terms of benefits and costs: greater lunar intensity may not enable the mice to increase foraging success enough to offset the higher chance of detection by predatory owls or hawks. Most other nocturnal mammals respond to lunar intensity variations similarly to Arizona pocket mice, but three-striped night monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) display the opposite pattern, as their heavy reliance on visual foraging results in a different balance of reward and risk.

Text 1
A conservation group representing 11 tribal nations in the Great Lakes region conducted a study collecting detailed observations and a survey of local knowledge among Ojibwe harvesters and elders. The study predicts that the region's firefly (waawaatesi in the Ojibwe language) will have significantly worse outcomes over the next 50 years if temperatures increase. By contrast, the American crow (aandeg in Ojibwe) should be able to withstand warming without much harm.

Text 2
Researchers must be careful when predicting how plants and animals will respond to future environmental changes. Ecosystems are complex and difficult to generalize about. Researchers should not assume that a species will respond the same way in every place and time. The best predictions are those based on close attention to local circumstances.

Paleontologist Alan Tennyson and colleagues studied fossil bones found in New Zealand that are more than 55 million years old. The researchers determined that the fossil bones belonged to two previously unknown species of prehistoric penguins. Moreover, they estimated that one of the two penguin species was more than three times the size of the emperor penguin, which is the largest penguin species that exists today.

By combining dense synthesizer arrangements and metallic percussion with vocals electronically shifted in pitch above her natural range, American musician Laura Les exemplifies the style of contemporary electronic music known as hyperpop. This style is elastic enough to include Namasenda, who incorporates hip-hop rhythms into the hyperpop sound, as well. The style's inclusivity has been encouraged—excessively so, many fans say—by the music-streaming service Spotify, whose popular playlist of hyperpop songs balances core figures with distinct outliers, like 1980s icon Kate Bush.

The bird species Monasa atra (the black nunbird) practices a foraging strategy known as sallying (catching insects in flight and returning to a perch to eat them), enabling it to scan for prey and predators simultaneously. Glyphorynchus spirurus (the wedge-billed woodcreeper), on the other hand, practices bark gleaning (picking insects of the bark of trees), substantially limiting the bird's field of vision while foraging. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues, who studied the ecological community these species share in French Guiana, hypothesized that avian foraging strategies that reduce individual vigilance are associated with greater reliance on other species to watch for predators.

The phrase kalip bishap is a past-oriented expression used by members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, that translates to “past times.” Rafael Nunez and colleagues recorded Yupno speakers explaining several of these temporal-related words and phrases and coded each speaker's manual gestures. Previous research has found evidence of Hebrew speakers referring to the right/left axis to describe events in time, and many researchers believe that this tendency to make temporal distinctions along imagined linear axes is universal. However, Nunez and colleagues claim that this tendency is not in fact ubiquitous.

Neuroscientist Kiyohito Iigaya and colleagues developed a computational model to predict how much a person will enjoy a particular work of art on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very much) and then recruited participants to use the same scale to rate several sets of paintings in various styles. The team calculated the correlation between the ratings predicted by the model and those reported by the participants, with higher correlations indicating that predicted ratings were closer to reported ratings. Assuming that participant P3 gave equal ratings to the impressionist and cubist paintings, the graph reveals that the model predicted ______

Scholars are increasingly exploring the communication and preservation of ecological knowledge through Indigenous songs (e. g Sakha songs about local ecosystems and those of the Kaluli people about rainforest sounds). In one study, ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. received insight from Kwaxsistalla Wathl‘thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka‘wakw people in Canada, into songs referencing the people's use of terraced gardens in intertidal zones along the Pacific Northwest coast for the cultivation of clams for consumption. Archaeological evidence of significant increases in clam size and abundance in that area concurrent with the documented past implementation of the method described in the songs supports the conclusion that ______

Prolonged exposure to anthropogenic noise (sounds from human sources like traffic or mining) can affect animals, as Kirsty Elizabeth McLaughlin and Hansjoerg P. Kunc found in a 2015 study of zebra cichlids. Researchers conducted a meta-analysis of studies of how such noise affects animals and found that, for every study, relevant traits or behaviors of the animals were observably different between the exposed group and the otherwise similar but unexposed group. Although, on average, studies of fish showed larger differences than studies of birds did, for every class of animals examined, there were individual studies showing differences well above the average for fish. Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis suggest that ______

Forest Lake Chapter, which covers 125,000 acres, is one of the 110 chapters of the Navajo ______Dine bizaad (the Navajo language), the chapter is called Tsiiyi' Be'ak id.

Included among a particular group of mid-twentieth-century artists known as the New York School, American abstract ______was known for using energetic brushstrokes and for capturing the energy and chaos of modern living in paint.

Forming extensive networks via mycorrhizal association—that is, a symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi—______

In 2018, internationally renowned Slovak photographer Maria Svarbova exhibited her work at an international photography festival and the Contessa Gallery in Portugal and ______utilizing vivid pastel colors, overexposed tones, and mirrorlike symmetry, Svarbova's photographs evoke a Socialist-era aesthetic that she describes as “minimalistic but also futuristic."

At 2,520 years old, Mother of the Forest, a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) located in the United States, was one of the oldest known trees in the world. With over two millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single tree like ______claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

Travelers flocked to the exhibit Women of Clay, making ______a popular destination within San Francisco International Airport.

Summer is Frankfurt's hottest ______an average summer temperature of 64.6 degrees Fahrenheit, however, its summers are still rather cool.

The ghazal, a poetic form originating in seventh-century Arabic poetry, has an intricate structure. The twentieth-century Kashmiri American poet Agha Shahid Ali explains that each one of a ghazal's couplets, while adhering to the patterns of rhyme (qafia) and refrain (radif ) established in the poem's opening lines (matla), ______ thematically and logically autonomous, resulting in a poem with "a stringently formal disunity."

To notice subtle variations in the progression of the still life painting genre in Europe, first consider Clara Peeters's "Still Life with Fish, Candle, Artichokes, Crabs, and Shrimp" from 1611; ______compare it to Edouard Manet's "Fish (Still Life)" from 1864.

On July 29,1992, Estonia's government lowered the minimum voting age for its citizens from 22 to 18 years old. ______many young people in Estonia gained a new opportunity to participate in their country's political process.

Modernista architects championed nature in their designs. ______the domed entryway and ornate floral ironwork of Umbracle, a Modernista pavilion designed by Josep Fontsere i Mestre, couldn't exactly grow in a forest. Still, one sees natural influences in Fontsere i Mestre's penchant for curves (rather than right angles) and plant- and animal-inspired flourishes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• A currency is a money system.
• Sometimes, countries adopt a new currency to replace an older one.
• Lithuania adopted the litas as its official currency in 1993.
• The euro replaced the litas in 2015.
• The euro remain Lithuania's official currency.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• In meteorology, an air mass is a large body of air with generally uniform humidity and temperature.
• Air masses are commonly classified by two-letter names.
• The first letter indicates the humidity of the air mass, while the second letter indicates the temperature.
• cA (continental arctic) means dry and cold, for example.
• mT (maritime tropical) means moist and warm.
• This classification system is based on the work of a Swedish meteorologist named Tor Bergeron, (1891-1977).