Smartphones and wireless speakers tend to rely on batteries that can't be easily taken out and swapped for new ones. Environmental policy researcher Jean-Pierre Schweitzer warns that because these gadgets can’t operate without working batteries, once the batteries stop working, the devices are typically ______ as trash.

Novelist Leon Forrest admired William Faulkner's writing style, so Forrest's novel Divine Days contains a long passage in tribute to Faulkner that is a perfect ______ of Faulkner's style: anyone familiar with Faulkner's writing would see the resemblance.

The Yenisey River delta is a constantly changing landform made up of a network of distributaries, small channels that branch off from the main river. The delta is shaped and reshaped over time as sediments carried by the river ______ where the river meets the Kara Sea, eventually forming new portions of land.

Although the clustering of cutlery manufacturing firms in Sheffield, UK is often cited as typical of industrial agglomeration, Giulia Faggio et al. use UK data to show that the mix of factors driving the phenomenon is ______ across industries: while access to specialized suppliers can prompt agglomeration, collocation among animal feed manufacturers occurs for different reasons.

In the US, "Q-tips" is a registered trademark of the company Unilever. This means that no company other than Unilever can use that word to describe the products it makes. That situation could change, however. Today, people using the word "Q-tips" may not be talking about cotton swabs made by Unilever. Instead, they may be talking about cotton swabs in general. When a trademark becomes generic in this way, a court may cancel it, allowing any company to use the word. For instance, "escalator" was once a trademark, but the trademark was canceled because it became generic.

Established knowledge of prehistoric societies primarily stems from analysis of durable historical artifacts, including gold jewelry pieces, but Ingrid Bertin and team have contributed new insights with a unique analysis of plant-based items. Plant-based artifacts, including wooden utensils, are seldom studied due to their perishable nature. This relative scarcity made it all the more exciting when the team examined remains of well-preserved organic artifacts discovered in a cave in Spain and determined that they dated even further back than previously thought.

President Richard Nixon is most famous for his participation in the 1970s Watergate political scandal, a convoluted tale of criminality and eroded ethics involving a constellation of associates such as Chief of Staff H.R. "Bob" Haldeman and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. But Nixon's legacy is complex: he has been praised for his role in creating the Environmental Protection Agency, and he once made an attempt at reforming United States health care policy that is arguably a precursor to the Affordable Care Act, which became law during the Barack Obama administration.

The Federalist Papers are a collection of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. They were published pseudonymously in the Independent Journal and other New York newspapers in 1787-88 and argue that New Yorkers should vote to ratify the proposed United States Constitution. Though the authorship of most of the individual essays is certain, that of a few is in question: for instance, while No. 37. "Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government," was surely penned by Madison, No. 62, "The Senate," may have been written by either Hamilton or Madison.

Though John Crowley, author of Love & Sleep, is perhaps not as well known as the most commercially successful American writers of the past fifty years, his work has had several influential champions, including the poet John Hollander and the literary critic Harold Bloom. According to journalist Graeme Wood, Bloom claimed to have read Crowley's novel Little, Big at least forty-six times, and in his posthumously published afterword to a 2022 edition of the book, Bloom called himself its "lifelong enthusiast" and described it as a "masterwork."

The following text is from Anthony Trollope's 1855 novel The Warden. The narrator is describing a rectory, the residence of a clergyperson.
There was an air of heaviness about the rooms which might have been avoided without any sacrifice of propriety; colours might have been better chosen and lights more perfectly diffused; but perhaps in doing so the thorough clerical aspect of the whole might have been somewhat marred; at any rate, it was not without ample consideration that those thick, dark, costly carpets were put down; those embossed, but sombre [wallpapers] hung up; those heavy curtains draped so as to half exclude the light of the sun.

Effect of Neighboring Species on Pollinator Visits to Target Species

Neighboring species | Target species | Effect value
three-toothed saxifrage | reflexed saxifrage | 0.5138
prickly pear | jagged lavender | -0.6358
creeping thistle | wild radish | 0.2523
musk thistle | Peruvian lily | -0.3897

Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants growing alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers identified one plant as a "target species" and a nearby plant as a "neighboring species." The researchers then calculated a value to show how the neighboring species affected pollinator visits to the target species. A negative effect value indicates that the neighboring species had a harmful effect on the target species. Based on the table, two neighboring species that had a harmful effect on target species are the ______

The nearly forty tribes located in Oklahoma, including the Choctaw Nation and the Comanche Nation, operate numerous businesses and generate billions of dollars in revenue. A student in an economics class is researching the tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare that industry's contribution to Oklahoma's overall economy in 2017 with the contributions made by three other industries in the state. Looking at the table, the student finds that tribal economic activity totaled over $7.3 billion, ranking it above ______

The Age of Innocence is a 1920 novel by Edith Wharton set in the 1870s in the northeastern United States. In the novel, Newland Archer and May Welland have just been married. They are spending a summer with May's relatives in Newport, Rhode Island. May is puzzled by Newland's lack of enthusiasm for Newport: ______

In recent years, architects have heightened their focus on developing eco-conscious and sustainable buildings, as exemplified by TB House, a structure conceived by HA&A Design. One way to accomplish this goal is through biophilic design, which seeks to augment occupants' emotional and physical well-being by establishing a coherent relationship among the building, nature, and human biology. Along with using ecologically sensitive construction materials, biophilic designs incorporate organic or biomorphic forms and textures. Curves, therefore, are common design features because they ______

As exemplified by Temiar songs about landforms and landmarks and Lakota songs about gathering mouse beans, ecological information can be transmitted in Indigenous songs, and in some instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxsistalla Wathl’thla, a song keeper for the Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al., sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people implemented in the past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky et al. determined that the prevalence of the practice described in the songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance despite increased harvesting pressure—a finding that demonstrates that ______

In the periodic table, an element's atomic number indicates how many protons there are in an atom of the element. For example, a calcium atom ______ 20 protons. Professor Raymond Chang explains this concept in more detail in the textbook Chemistry.

Many folktales that originate in the Persian language start with a phrase that roughly translates to "someone was, someone wasn't." Many tales that originate in English use "once upon a time." Such phrases, known as story starters, ______ from language to language.

It is July of 2003. In one year, NASA's Spirit rover will touch down on Mars. Upon arrival, it ______ many geological features of the red planet, including one particular rock that scientists will nickname Ferraz.

The US Geological Survey maintains data on the physical dimensions and geological features of faults, including the Big Flat fault in Gem County, ______ geophysicists like the University of Delaware's Dr. Estella Atekwana can use such data to determine a fault's seismic history.

Enacted in 1995, Uganda's constitution, according to legal ______ contains five of the six constitutional features that enhance judicial independence. Explicit provisions for judicial independence, Melton and Ginsburg's research explains, are more likely to be found in constitutions enacted after 1985.

Though the musical groups Los Tigres del Norte and Banda el Recodo are often categorized under the catchall "regional Mexican music" label, they each adhere to distinct musical traditions. The former works within the norteño tradition, which originated in late nineteenth-century northern Mexico. The latter, ______ follows the banda tradition, with roots in mid-nineteenth-century southern and central Mexico.

The visual magnitude scale, which measures the brightness of stars, is reverse logarithmic: the brighter a star, the lower its magnitude number. ______ the star Alnilam, the 29th brightest in the sky, has a higher visual magnitude number (1.69) than does the brighter star Castor. The 24th-brightest star, Castor has a magnitude of 1.62.

One approach to developing 3D elements in video games is to capture real-world objects digitally and re-create them as virtual models. Known as 3D scanning, this method produces elements that resemble real-world objects but may look unnatural because they're rendered from precise geometric shapes. ______ gamers demanding full immersion prefer the more realistic results of wire modeling.

On September 3, 1936, Jesse Owens received a ticker-tape parade in New York City in recognition of his winning four gold medals in the 1936 Olympic Games. Of the 206 ticker-tape parades held between 1886 and 2022, a number of parades were for achievements in sports. ______ Owens's parade was one of 7 honoring Olympic athletes.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The Dnieper River is in Europe.
• It is the fourth longest river in Europe.
• It crosses the countries Belarus and Ukraine.
• It ranks No. 48 among the longest rivers in the world.
• It is 2,287 kilometers long.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The George S. Mickelson Trail is located in South Dakota.
• It is a disused railroad corridor that has been converted into a public trail.
• The trail is 109 miles long.
• It first opened in 1991.
• It has benefited the area by providing an accessible way for people to enjoy the outdoors.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• The human tongue contains taste receptors for a rich, savory flavor called umami.
• Umami is triggered by the compounds in a variety of foods, including beef and soy sauce.
• Participants in a study tasted a sample of wakame, a type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as moderate.
• The participants tasted a sample of arame, another type of brown seaweed.
• They rated its umami intensity as high.

When it comes to crafting policy recommendations to protect species at risk, lessons from previous declines in biodiversity can be especially ______. The factors that contributed to the extinction of the toxodon around 10,000 BCE, for example, may be applicable to endangered species today.

The discoverers of the minor planet 9937 Triceratops named it after the animal genus that includes dinosaurs bearing that name. Most of the recently discovered minor planets, however, are given only an identification number, a trend that can be ______ to there being over 500,000 such bodies known at present, making it nearly impossible to find a unique name for each.

Although the literary works of David Malo and Lee Cataluna have universal appeal, they are also ______ the Hawaiian literary tradition in which both authors work and that stretches back to the traditional stories of the Kānaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people.

The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 1922 poem “Translation.”
We trekked into a far country,
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken,
But each knew all the other said.
He told me how calm his soul was laid
By the lack of anvil and strife.
“The wooing kestrel,” I said, “mutes his mating-note
To please the harmony of this sweet silence.”

HMS Surprise, first published in 1973, is a novel in Patrick O’Brian’s Aubrey/Maturin series, which includes twenty completed books. Some critics have found fault with the abrupt endings of HMS Surprise and other books in the series, saying that they do not finish conclusively but arbitrarily stop. But other critics argue that the books should not be thought of as discrete texts with traditional beginnings and endings but as a single incredibly long work, similar to other multivolume stories, such as John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga.

Text 1
Wesleyan University and the investment bank BNP Paribas are two of the many institutions offering training programs in entrepreneurship. But what results do such programs produce? In a study of high school and business school students in the United States, researcher Fiona Wilson and colleagues addressed this question and reported that participants who received entrepreneurial training showed positive attitudes toward entrepreneurship.

Text 2
While studies of entrepreneurial training typically report positive results, a close look at these studies reveals widespread methodological shortcomings. This research literature is plagued by unclear hypotheses, insufficient sample sizes, a lack of control groups, and failures to establish pretraining baselines for the measured attributes of participants.

Like all species of baleen whales, the common minke whale feeds on tiny creatures known as krill by filtering water through bristlelike keratin structures called baleen plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to 30 percent of their total mass per day. And while no one would call the common minke whale small—it can have a mass as high as 4,000 kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales and is much smaller than the blue whale, which can weigh a whopping 150,000 kg and consume as much as 45,000 kg of krill per day.

Optimal foraging theory (OFT) holds that animals' foraging behaviors reflect cost-benefit trade-offs that vary by species and with dynamic ecological circumstances. One such circumstance is lunar intensity, which Rodrigo A. Vasquez found to be negatively associated with foraging by olive grass mice but Patricia C. Wright found to be positively associated with foraging by three-striped night monkeys. This discrepancy is explicable in terms of OFT: the monkeys' greater reliance on vision means that higher lunar intensity benefits them more than it benefits the mice.

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of the equator, like Opeongo Lake in Canada, to accumulate surface ice in winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on many factors, including local weather conditions as well as the lake's depth, volume, and surface area, but a climate researcher claims that the higher a lake's latitude, the more days per winter it will typically have measurable amounts of surface ice.

Callie W. Babbitt, Hema Madaka, and colleagues assembled a database of materials used in consumer electronics by studying products in the lab and by gathering data from similar product studies. The team gave each of these studies a rating for level of detail (with a higher rating for reported data with more detail) and for level of traceability (with a higher rating for clearer descriptions of procedures). Based on these ratings, a second research team concluded that the methodology was better explained in a study by Oguchi Masahiro and colleagues than it was in a study by Timothy G. Townsend and colleagues.

Scholars cite One Hundred Years of Solitude, the 1967 novel by Colombian author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, as a foundational text of magical realism, the Latin American style of fiction in which antirealistic plot devices—often borrowed from the spiritual and narrative traditions of Indigenous and colonial societies in the Americas—are deployed in an otherwise realistic mode of representation typical of the modern novel. This style has exerted a decisive influence on authors around the world, including Keri Hulme, whose 1984 novel The Bone People resembles classic magical realist novels in its juxtaposition of literary realism with cultural traditions—namely, those of the Maori, the Indigenous people of New Zealand.

Nella Larsen's 1928 novel Quicksand is regularly described as autobiographical. That characterization is apt—there are many parallels between the experiences of the novel's protagonist, Helga Crane, and those of Larsen—but it should not be taken to mean that all the people and events depicted in Quicksand are based on actual people and events. The novel is largely pure invention, and readers who neglect this fact and instead try to identify more and more real-life analogues thus risk ______

Many contemporary Indigenous painters practice a specifically indigenous mode of abstraction; for example, Linda Lomahaftewa often assembles compositions out of motifs common in the ceramics and other traditional arts of the Hopi Tribe. In contrast, the prominent Indigenous practitioners of abstract painting during the mid-twentieth century, such as the Kiowa artist T.C. Cannon, typically aligned their compositional strategies with Abstract Expressionism—a school of painting dominated by European American artists—instead of with traditionally nonrepresentational forms of Indigenous art. Thus, in the case of Cannon's generation, the identification of an abstract painting as Indigenous art tends to ______

Included in Graphic Witness, a 2017 group exhibition at the Drawing Room in London, United Kingdom, was the work of multimedia artist Lorna Simpson. The impact of Simpson's work is ______ the horizons of conceptual photographic art, challenging conventional notions of race, gender, history, and memory, and shedding light on the experience of African American women in contemporary society.

The Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, whose residents mainly spoke Altai, was one of many nominally autonomous Soviet ______by giving these restive republics the right to assert their prerogatives, President Mikhail Gorbachev likely hastened the Soviet Union's breakup.

The fungus Paxillus atrotomentosus, commonly referred to as velvet roll-rim, is known to establish ectomycorrhizal bonds with certain alder tree species; in many cases, such symbiotic relationships, wherein fungal hyphae make contact with the alder's root system, ______ extensive networks, which can be used to transport nutrients between trees.

Montana ______made history on January 1, 2001. When she became Governor Judy Martz, she was the first woman to lead the state.

In 2017, the Momentum Fine Art Gallery in Mexico City, Mexico, exhibited the work of Slovak ______ who aptly describes her photos as "minimalistic but also futuristic."

Minerals can be classified by their ability to transmit light. Krotite, which transmits all or almost all light, is classified as ______ other minerals, such as groutite, are classified as opaque because they transmit no light.

In her 2017 poem "The Kiss," Sasha Pimentel contemplates Gustav Klimt's painting The Kiss, presenting a nuanced imaginative response to Klimt's piece that goes beyond mere description. ______rather than simply presenting the painting's elements in a straightforward way, Pimentel uses the painting's depiction of a couple embracing as a vehicle for exploring themes of beauty and love.

The near-Earth asteroid 2007 LE is orbited by the moonlet S/2012(461852). In 2022 scientists studying asteroid deflection intentionally crashed a probe into a similar moonlet, Dimorphos, shortening its orbital period by 32 minutes. ______ it used to take Dimorphos 11 hours and 55 minutes to orbit the near-Earth asteroid Didymos; now it takes 11 hours, 23 minutes.

Pennsylvania politician and writer Samuel Bryan strategically adopted the pen name "Centinel" when voicing disapproval of the ratification of the US Constitution in the Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer. Publishing pseudonymously offered a number of advantages, such as shielding a writer from criticism and controversy. ______by removing a potential source of bias (the writer's name), it encouraged readers to focus on an essay's arguments.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Carnegie Prize is an international art competition administered by the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
• Painter Augustus john of Wales won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1924.
• John's winning artwork was a painting entitled Madame Suggia.
• Sculptor Richard Serra of the US won a Carnegie Prize gold medal in 1985.
• Serra's winning artwork was a sculpture entitled Carnegie.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Georgia Douglas Johnson (1880-1966) was an African American writer.
• Johnson lived and worked in New York City for many years.
• Johnson's poem "Calling Dreams" was published in 1920.
• Johnson's poem "Paradox" was published in 1926.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Use the Future is a 1992 sculpture by Italian artist Maurizio Nannucci.
• It consists of a yellow neon sign that spells out the title phrase.
• Ginger is a 2023 sculpture by Japanese artist Rikako Kawauchi.
• It consists of a pink neon sign that forms an abstract squiggle shape.
• Neon signs became popular with advertisers in the 1920s and began to decline in popularity in the 1960s.
• Neon signs became popular with artists in the 1960s and continue to be popular today.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• The Future of Nostalgia is a book by Svetlana Boym.
• In it, Boym explores the concept of nostalgia from various angles.
• In Chapter 4, "Restorative Nostalgia," she defines a form of nostalgia interested in re-creating the past.
• In Chapter 5,"Reflective Nostalgia," she defines a form of nostalgia interested in meditating on past things.

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Most of the plant and bird species in Oahu, Hawaii, are non-native.
• In a 2019 study, researchers wanted to know what role non-native birds play in dispersing plant seeds in Oahu.
• Researchers catalogued plant seeds found in fecal samples from non-native birds.
• Pipturus albidus, a flowering shrub, was one of fifteen native species catalogued.
• Hedlychium gardnerianum, an herbaceous vine, was one of twenty-nine non-native species catalogued.
• Researchers concluded that non-native birds play a vital role in dispersing the seeds of native and non-native plants.